tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336280842024-03-19T10:28:36.258+11:00Veronika WildPractising Geographer
- nature culture places peopleVeronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.comBlogger895125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-37704201212554926802024-03-16T04:08:00.016+11:002024-03-19T10:28:04.587+11:00Domestic Violence, Family Violence and Women's Safety<div style="text-align: left;"><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiprfVNijL78XaWiEIviisVuko51Q6vYziCYEjBm6TAKsCAjx6h4Eh4agNVuWB_52eW7Zwfz-95ye9tbHWASOijhRnmU2sA631hfIu-OBSZHPq5ZaMq9bWv1lFTviTHtgtzo55Bv96UozmCjAO9uFMliirdiO0R6GcqlaI42qjw027rN-UO9thW/s640/stopviolence_top.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiprfVNijL78XaWiEIviisVuko51Q6vYziCYEjBm6TAKsCAjx6h4Eh4agNVuWB_52eW7Zwfz-95ye9tbHWASOijhRnmU2sA631hfIu-OBSZHPq5ZaMq9bWv1lFTviTHtgtzo55Bv96UozmCjAO9uFMliirdiO0R6GcqlaI42qjw027rN-UO9thW/w640-h360/stopviolence_top.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><span style="color: #2f5597; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #2F5597; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">The <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/violence-against-women#tab=tab_1" target="_blank">World Health Organisation</a>
defines violence against women as </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2f5597; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #2F5597; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">“<i>Any act<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>which could result in physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering
including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty
whether occurring in public or private life.“ </i></span><p></p>
<p><a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/violence-against-women#tab=tab_1" target="_blank">Intimate partner violence</a> refers to behaviour by an intimate partner or
ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including
physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling
behaviours. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/violence-against-women#tab=tab_1 " target="_blank">Sexual violence</a> is "any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or
other act directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person
regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes
rape, defined as the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the
vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object." </p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> If America’s shame is the number of school children killed
by gun violence, then Australia’s shame is the number of women who have been murdered
or injured by a member of their family. So far this year 18 women have been murdered, most of them by a <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-01/women-murder-spike-sparks-calls-for-domestic-violence-register/103048644?utm_campaign=abc_news_web&utm_content=link&utm_medium=content_shared&utm_source=abc_news_web" target="_blank">current or former partner,</a> two by their children and only two as far as I can tell by strangers. According to NGO <a href="https://www.ourwatch.org.au/what-we-do/" target="_blank">Our Watch</a> which advocates for the prevention of violence against
women and children, one woman is murdered by a current or former partner <a href="https://www.ourwatch.org.au/the-issue/" target="_blank">every nine days.</a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In addition to this most extreme form of violence, 4,620
women were hospitalised in 2021 -22 due to domestic violence and around two out
of five women (39%) over the age of 15 report having experienced violence. While women bear the brunt of domestic
violence, men, children and members of the LGBTIQ community are also affected and
even within the general category of women, Indigenous women, women with a disability,
women of migrant or refugee background and gender diverse women experience<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proportionately <a href="https://www.ourwatch.org.au/the-issue/" target="_blank">higher rates of violence than others.</a> </p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Domestic Violence is a Global Problem<br /></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Australia is not alone in this however. According to the <a href="https://unwomen.org.au/get-involved/safe-everywhere-always/" target="_blank">UN</a> some
five women an hour die worldwide due to domestic violence and <a href="https://unwomen.org.au/get-involved/safe-everywhere-always/" target="_blank">one in 3 women</a> over 15 have
experienced some form of violence in their lifetime. Over a quarter of women aged 15-49 who have been in a relationship report
having been subjected to violence. The <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/violence-against-women#tab=tab_1" target="_blank">UN</a> estimates that the incidence of domestic violence ranges from around 20% in the Western
Pacific, 22% in high income countries including the EU,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>25% in the Americas, 31% in the Mediterranean
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">According to the UN’s statistics 87,000 women
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</span>were killed by an intimate partner. By contrast of the 464,000 men
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">Under reporting is common. Even in Australia, <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/family-domestic-and-sexual-violence/responses-and-outcomes/domestic-homicide." target="_blank">50% of the women </a>who have experienced
some type of violence, sexual assault or harassment did not report it for fear
of repercussions or not being believed, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>so
even the above numbers do not necessarily reflect the extent of the problem.
The real question is, what can we do about it? </span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">The Consequences</h2>
<p>Domestic violence can exact a <a href="https://www.ourwatch.org.au/the-issue/" target="_blank">high physical, emotional and economic toll on women</a>,
their families and society. As far as women themselves go, it is the biggest contributor to death, ill health and disability in women
aged 25 -44. </p>
<p>Apart from physical injuries and homicide, family violence can also
result in a range of psychological problems including depression, anxiety, Post
Traumatic Stress, eating disorders, low self -esteem, various forms of self -harm including
suicide and addictions such as alcohol abuse. </p>
<p>With respect to sexual violence the UN notes that consequences may include unwanted pregnancies and abortions, gynaecological problems, sexually transmitted diseases and increased
likelihood of stillbirths and miscarriages. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Violence in the home also
affects the <a href="https://www.ourwatch.org.au/the-issue/" target="_blank">wellbeing of children</a>. Children who experience or witness violence
at home may suffer from a range of behavioural, developmental and emotional
disturbances and may later become perpetrators themselves. </p>
<p>Based on 2015 analysis, violence against women costs the Australian economy $21.7 billion
a year and is a major contributor to homelessness. It also affects workplaces through reduced staff retention, absenteeism
and reduced productivity. </p>
<p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Causes and Remedies</h2>
<p>Given the damage domestic violence can do we will
now look at some of the reasons why it occurs and what can be done about it. The following information has been cobbled together from various sources such as the UN, Our Watch and Australia's New National Plan. Both national and international research points to unequal power relationships being at the heart of domestic violence. While there is no 'typical' offender, here are some of the risk factors as outlined by the UN.<br /></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Cultural and community
norms which place a higher value on men than on women. These may be expressed in
terms of rigid gender roles which give men more power over decision -making and
resources. It can also can occur through having low levels of paid employment or
through funnelling women into low paid work, both of which limit women’s
independence in private and public life and give men more power and control </p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Attitudes which condone
violence and overtly masculine behaviours. These may include emphasis on aggression,
dominance and control such as telling men to “Man Up” or take the form of
excusing, justifying and trivialising violence or shifting the blame to victims.
This includes comments such as “Why was she wearing this or that?" Or "Why did she have a
drink?” </p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Low levels of education among
both victims and perpetrators, </p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>A history of exposure to mistreatment
as perpetrator or victim</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Excessive use of alcohol </p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Having multiple partners</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Factors associated with sexual violence include:</h4>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Beliefs in Family Honour
and Sexual Purity</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Ideologies of Male Sexual
Entitlement</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Weak Legal Sanctions
against Sexual Violence</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Factors specific to relationships</h4>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Past history and exposure
to violence</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Antisocial personality
disorders</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Marital discord and
dissatisfaction</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Communication difficulties
within the relationship</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Male controlling behaviour
towards partners</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Unequal power within relationships
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Additional stresses such as
natural disasters and crises<br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Pathways to change</h2>
<p>There are four broad ways to break the pattern:<br /></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Prevention - including challenging existing norms and stereotypes<br /></li><li>Early Intervention</li><li>Strengthening Law Enforcement and the Justice
System</li><li>Supporting both Victims and Offenders</li></ol></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Prevention</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">Domestic Violence doesn’t occur in a
vacuum. There is an interesting diagram in Theory of Change, 2022-2023, mentioned in <a href="https://www.dss.gov.au/the-national-plan-to-end-violence-against-women-and-children/first-action-plan-2023-2027-activities-addendum" target="_blank">The New National Action Plan for Australia</a>, which shows how individual
and interpersonal behaviour is nested within families, within communities and the broader society.
It looked something like this. To some extent we are all products of our families, the communities and the society to which we belong and act according to shared conscious and unconscious beliefs.</p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMf9hcdfEIaKs9hUmwS1o4XH4cJ3od8t6hdXLe_P19Pc5NWyNLUc7lzkP8clEQzvTugYkWGS456FF8iEBK6kOW_b1FWbvv7AosMRzNeJKW5-z13K_Y_4jvcFuNkqC-633Hd_hehFL-6ILUv8P7qkh8x-5j0Kd1LsFT9EHQm46F3Z8PHBQxTt5Y/s523/social%20change.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="121" data-original-width="523" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMf9hcdfEIaKs9hUmwS1o4XH4cJ3od8t6hdXLe_P19Pc5NWyNLUc7lzkP8clEQzvTugYkWGS456FF8iEBK6kOW_b1FWbvv7AosMRzNeJKW5-z13K_Y_4jvcFuNkqC-633Hd_hehFL-6ILUv8P7qkh8x-5j0Kd1LsFT9EHQm46F3Z8PHBQxTt5Y/w640-h148/social%20change.png" width="640" /></a></div>We need to work on all four aspects to change underlying attitudes and behaviour.
Cultural norms can and do change, albeit slowly. For example, until the 1970s and 80s
domestic violence was not seen as a problem at all. What went on inside homes, families
and relationships was considered a private matter between the parties involved.
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Promoting Equality</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">Promoting gender equality
in all aspects of life -in schools, workplaces, institutions and families is one of the most important things we can do. This means identifying
and breaking down stereotypical gender roles and encouraging female
independence and decision – making. </p><p style="text-align: left;">Encouraging women to take on more Science
and Maths oriented subjects enables them to obtain more highly paid employment
and more respect, as does the provision of more social support including availability of childcare and parental
leave. The latter also enables men to take a more active role in raising children and broadens their roles as well. Encouraging caring, respectful
relationships in all spheres – at home, at work, in schools and sport or in
public spaces is also important as are school programs which stress safety of
women and the importance of consent.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Ending Discrimination</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">Fighting for broader social justice and ending discrimination towards specific groups
and women in general should be encouraged at the community level through various institutions as well as by legislation. For example, legalising Same Sex Marriage (1975 - 1997) enabled more
people to come forward as did giving equal rights and protections to couples
in de facto relationships (1991). Criminalising violent behaviours such as Rape within
Marriage (2009), rather than regarding sex as a male entitlement will help to protect
women from various negative consequences such as those mentioned above. Forced Marriage became illegal in 2013 and the Workplace Gender Equality Amendment to close the Gender Pay Gap became effective in 2023.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">More subtle forms of oppression such as coercive
control – cutting people off from family and friends or keeping them in their
home against their will, or financial abuse<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are beginning to receive attention as is the use of electronic media to
harass, stalk, bully or blackmail another. Currently there are calls to <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/keep-a-close-eye-on-your-partner-the-industry-selling-spyware-to-jealous-spouses-20240314-p5fcjv.html?list_name=E2446F7A-1897-44FC-8EB8-B365900170E3&promote_channel=edmail&mbnr=MzA2OTE1NTk&instance=2024-03-18-07-09-AEDT&jobid=30322491" target="_blank">ban various types of spyware </a>which enable emails and messages to be read or to track victims without consent.<br /></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;">In the community we should not tolerate any form of violence, aggression
and harassment and call out disrespectful behaviour in public, private or in
the media. It is not helpful for example, when speaking of a man who murdered his wife as "A good bloke” or that his Dad was a great football player, as the
press did recently. </p><p style="text-align: left;">Most workplaces and many sporting clubs now have codes of conduct in place and mechanisms to report and minimise harassment. Making harassment at work illegal, prevents employers and higher placed
employees from exploiting those below them in the power structure. The inclusion of women in traditionally male occupations also helps
to change the culture. </p><p style="text-align: left;">In the 1980s, I was working for a mining company which started employing women to drive its big dump trucks because they were more patient and
had fewer accidents. Once women began to work alongside men in what was
previously an all -male domain, there were no more catcalls, comments on
appearance and disparaging remarks when women came onto the site. Pictures of scantily clad women disappeared from lunch rooms and change rooms and the language became more respectful. There
were also fewer lost time accidents and productivity improved.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Another aspect of prevention involves engaging men and boys to develop positive ways of
interacting with their peers and others which rely less on dominance and competition,
but use their strengths in a positive way such as encouraging co -operation and
the achievement of common goals. Men need alternative ways to express their masculinity. Back in the mists of time they could join for communal hunts, chivalrous deeds, heroic voyages or raising barns. What do they have now?<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> It is
also important to train more men to help other men who are going through
difficulties, much as the women’s movement helped to empower women. One of the
traditional cultural norms in the Australian context, is that
men must remain strong and silent and never ask for help. Much tragedy could be
avoided if this could be overcome.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Early Interventions</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">In Australia, health care professionals, teachers and others in positions of
authority are obliged by law to report signs of injury to women and children. This should be
treated as a public health matter rather than in an accusative way and action must
be taken such as providing support or referral to victims as well as perpetrators. See more on this at the end of this post. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Law Enforcement and the Justice System</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">Legislation is only as good as monitoring and enforcement. While many
traumatised victims have been fearful of going to police because of fear of escalating
the violence or for fear of not being believed, others have gone to the police
only to have their concerns trivialised. </p>
<p style="text-align: left;">At least one of the women who was murdered recently had repeatedly tried to
obtain police protection and gone to several police stations, but officers
dismissed her concerns by saying she was “Police Shopping.” Perhaps people used
to dealing with hardened criminals, should not be the ones taking
calls from distraught victims who in the first instance, need emotional support
and a sympathetic ear. </p><p style="text-align: left;">While Police intervention is devastating for all concerned
and some people fear that women will make frivolous claims in order to gain some kind
of advantage such as custody of children, the family home or revenge, such cases
are rare and <span style="font-size: 14pt;">all reports should be taken
seriously as violence generally escalates rather than diminishes without
intervention.</span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Diversity in Law Enforcement</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Policing is one of those professions which has been predominantly male. Prior
to 1996 only 11% of officers were female. Although that number had increased to 23% by 2006, it has not increased substantially since. Ideally, there should be as many females as males and diverse
enough to reflect the make -up of society. If it’s hard enough for ordinary
Australians to come forward, then how much more difficult is it when you have
language difficulties or come from a cultural background where police and or
uniforms hold an even more threatening position? This is also the position in
which many of our First Nations people find themselves since they are
disproportionately incarcerated and often on the receiving end of less than
fair and equal treatment in the justice system. </p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Much the same applies to judges and other members of the legal profession. Australia’s
<a href="https://aija.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020-JUDICIAL-GENDER-STATISTICS-v3.pdf" target="_blank">first female judge </a>was not appointed until 1965. Although the gender balance
has greatly improved in recent years to around 43.3%, globally only around one third
of judges are female, which suggests some room for improvement. </p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Currently the <a href=" Judges | Labour Market Insights" target="_blank">median age of judges</a> in Australia is 60. While age may be an asset when it comes to wisdom
and experience, there is also the risk that judges may be very conservative and
more inclined to hold traditional views about what is acceptable behaviour in a
relationship, as has been demonstrated from time to time. For example it is not
relevant in a rape trial whether a woman went out alone after dark, wore a
short dress or had other relationships. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">The Legal Process</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Many Domestic Violence survivors have reported that the process of going to court itself and
having to retell their stories or having to confront their abuser,
retraumatises them. Much could be done to make this less harrowing, as for
example, using video -taped testimony and not having to recount their often humiliating
experiences countless times not only to police and the court, but also to welfare providers, housing
authorities and others. <br /></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Training</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Both Police and other members of the justice system need to be well trained
to respond sensitively to domestic violence. I was present in Tasmania in 1980,
when Dr. Mary Kille presented the first training course for Police Officers. I do
not know how far training has progressed in the meantime or how often it is
done to keep officers abreast of the latest evidence – based methods of dealing
with domestic violence. It should also be ‘trauma – informed” that is, listening
to the experiences of survivors. Much the same should apply to other first responders,
such as Ambulance Officers, Hospital staff and those in charge of various services.
</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Evidence</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Police can usually only intervene when a crime has already been committed. In
addition, unless there is independent verification of harm, it is very
difficult to prosecute offenders. This means providing documentary evidence of
harm so that an Apprehended Violence Order (AVO) can be issued.This can consist
of photographic evidence, detailed diaries, reports from medical professionals and
witnesses. Though AVOs may have different names in other states and conditions vary, they usually require the subject to remain a specific distance from the complainant or be liable for arrest. </p><p style="text-align: left;">While <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/violence-against-women-reduced-through-apprehended-violence-orders-survey-shows-20150120-12uca9.html" target="_blank">AVOs</a> have been effective in <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/violence-against-women-reduced-through-apprehended-violence-orders-survey-shows-20150120-12uca9.html" target="_blank">reducing violence</a> towards women, others say that <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-25/nsw-apprehended-domestic-violence-orders-not-working-says-victim/11541742" target="_blank">"They aren't worth the paper they are written on."</a> According to one unconfirmed report, two thirds of the 39 women murdered in 2017, had AVOs in place. Some respondents have suggested the issuing
of ankle monitors, so that police are immediately notified in the event of
breaches. There are now calls for a <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-01/women-murder-spike-sparks-calls-for-domestic-violence-register/103048644" target="_blank">register of offenders</a> so that people have prior warning before entering into a relationship.<br /></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Record Keeping and Data Sharing</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Achieving consistency across jurisdictions and other departments is
essential if we are to show improvements and to see which efforts at prevention
are working. At present there are discrepancies and delays between police data
and those maintained by women’s groups, as well as those between anonymous
reports and those obtained by face-to -face surveys. Data sharing is not <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fully embraced so that a person may offend in
one state but have no record in another. Furthermore, past episodes of violence
including those unrelated to domestic violence are often not raised in court, which
makes conviction less likely. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Supporting Victims and Perpetrators</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">Supporting victims and their families includes providing material and psychological support for anyone who has
experienced violence and ensuring that the responsible institutions are
supportive and operate across departments and disciplines to act in an integrated way. This is especially important in the case of children for reasons already
mentioned and should also include help and counselling for perpetrators. Most state governments also offer integrated services of various kinds. See for example Victoria's Orange Door Program below.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="495" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h-Siivz6qPA" title="The Orange Door - here to help" width="880"></iframe>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Helplines and Other Services</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Australia has a number<a href="https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/women/programs-services/reducing-violence/help-and-support" target="_blank"> Helplines </a>staffed by
professionals to deal with all aspects of Domestic Violence. </p>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Help for anyone experiencing or at risk of violence </h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Perhaps the most prominent of these is 1800RESPECT (1800 737 732) This is a 24/7 government
-funded telephone service staffed by trained professionals and is available to anyone
experiencing or at risk of family and domestic violence or sexual assault. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Help for women</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Several women’s groups also have helplines and a range of support services such
as providing emergency housing and legal assistance or self -help groups for
the survivors of violence or rape. Specialist services are available for people
with Disabilities, those who identify as LGBTIQI and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.
The latter are to provide sensitive and culturally appropriate services <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as well as being part of a broader push to
create greater equality and self - determination for First Nations People. Free Interpreting
and Translation and sometimes culturally tailored services are also available for
refugees and migrants.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Older Persons</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">As the population ages, elderly people are increasingly at risk of abuse,
not just from partners, but in other settings such as home and institutional
care. Two of the women <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>killed this year died
at the hands of their children. Financial abuse is also becoming increasingly
common. <a href="https://www.compass.info/">1800 ELDERHelp</a> provides
advice, referral and support.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Help for Men</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">There are two Helplines for Men. One offers 24/7 support for men having
relationship difficulties. The other is for men using or at risk of using violent
or coercive behaviour.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Help for Children </h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Children also have two helplines. The first offers telephone or online
counselling for general issues. The second is specifically for children
affected by abuse. Both are available around the clock.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Helping Couples</h4>
<p style="text-align: left;">Relationships Australia counsels couples who are having relationship
difficulties and also individuals in relationship who are abusive or have been abused.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">How Families, Friends, Co -workers and Others can Help</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">If you notice that a family member, a friend or co -worker is having
difficulty, urge them to seek help. This will mean breaking a long -standing
Australian/ British taboo about not getting involved in other people’s private life, but when lives
are potentially at risk, then that is a rule worth breaking. A more subtle way
of doing so would be to simply give them the number of the appropriate Helpline
or if things do not seem urgent, perhaps placing the number on a noticeboard or
in a restroom. </p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Bystanders and neighbours should also intervene, though not by risking their
own safety. If you see violence or aggression, call the police and if you are
able to do so discreetly, record it with your phone. This also goes against a
long -established Australian tradition, about "Not Dobbing in a Mate" – in other
words, not being a snitch or a tattle -tale. Trust me on this. It’s far better
to lose a friend than to blame yourself forever for ignoring the small signals
that all is not well. In the end you would be doing your friend, family member
or co -worker a favour, though s/he may never thank you.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">To finish on a brighter note, here’s a nice little story - not sure if it's true, about a <a href="https://ktla.com/news/starbucks-employee-writes-secret-note-on-cup-to-help-18-year-old-customer-in-texas/" target="_blank">barista's creative response</a> when she noticed that a young customer appeared to be getting unwanted attention from another patron. It's all about looking out for one another and keeping people safe.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">Next time we'll talk a bit more about what the Australian Government is doing about Domestic Violence and what other countries are doing about it. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-19669384099474693002024-03-08T11:17:00.007+11:002024-03-09T01:30:58.919+11:00Towards Equality - International Women's Day 2024<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbBThpgTnahIZkMk_06gEiCdbAVIBIEIEvVRl6fE2-e7rf3ZgCpgV549bqvox-hLaoAVczn79e4_IcDsQhTwDsLZVDD7InGwFnLlmvaH_r4cJdSXucxROnigI0dSMGdDnYTGNZbg56kmWGVqjltEy4VpycjmELSihlTdV4pbyTKY0arSj4sEdn/s550/IWD2016.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="550" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbBThpgTnahIZkMk_06gEiCdbAVIBIEIEvVRl6fE2-e7rf3ZgCpgV549bqvox-hLaoAVczn79e4_IcDsQhTwDsLZVDD7InGwFnLlmvaH_r4cJdSXucxROnigI0dSMGdDnYTGNZbg56kmWGVqjltEy4VpycjmELSihlTdV4pbyTKY0arSj4sEdn/w640-h640/IWD2016.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.awakenlibrarian.com/2016/03/international-womens-day-iwd2016.html">This
Photo</a> by Unknown Author is licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC BY</a></span></p>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Today is International Women’s Day – a time to celebrate what
women have achieved and to look at the challenges which they still face. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <a href="https://unwomen.org.au/press-release-achieving-full-gender-equality-is-still-centuries-away-warns-the-united-nations-in-a-new-report/" target="_blank">UN</a> estimates that at the present rate of
progress humans will reach Mars before we achieve Gender Equality! </p><p>This year’s theme is <a href="IWD: International Women's Day 2024 campaign theme is 'Inspire Inclusion' (internationalwomensday.com)" target="_blank">“Inspire Inclusion”</a> which means including women in all aspects of life – in Education,
Health, Work, Leadership and Decision – Making. They do after all make up almost
half the world’s population.</p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">How to Promote Inclusion</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Working towards Women’s economic inclusion</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Recruiting, retaining and
developing diverse talents</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Supporting women into leadership
and decision – making roles</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Ensuring that women and girls have
access to high quality education and training</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Encouraging women and girls to study
non -traditional subjects for careers in Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Helping women and girls to make
informed decisions about their health</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Involving women in sustainable Agriculture
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Food Security</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Promoting Creative and Artistic
Talents</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Encouraging participation and
achievement in all fields including business, politics, media and sport</li></ul>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">More Ways to Celebrate International Women's Day</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Learning about the experiences of
women from different cultures and diverse backgrounds and appreciating their
contributions and challenges too</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Speaking up and taking action if
you see discrimination, harassment or violence towards women ( anyone really) taking
place and challenging the stereotypes which underlie them</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Cultivate solidarity with other
women and be especially supportive of women and girls who face additional challenges
such as poverty, disability, racism or other forms of discrimination. Help them
to get the opportunities and resources which they need</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;">Share your stories of inspiring
or being inspired by other women on Social Media using the Hashtag #IWD2024 or
get more ideas and resources <a href="International Women's Day 2024 (internationalwomensday.com)" target="_blank">here</a>.</li></ul><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left;">National and Local Action <br /></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.24pt; text-align: left;"> Individual countries may also
have specific themes and activities. In <a href="https://unwomen.org.au/international-womens-day-2024/" target="_blank">Australia</a> the focus has very much been
on helping women to achieve economic security through its “Count Her In: Invest
in Women” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Campaign.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aXkJq26Q6lPRtjzTK5sCP_eLIn6T2_78teoIo53rm2qUwSsoeCuAqQzj18z7djwjzfVWH_sTQLg1iKxvTPxId_w3OOlQezAl4zRlb96k6Untkjo7XM0GdCZ6pEdPc7fYRHfgqgFAqLs4_czLvPwv1yF4u5sWZLwV2OUG4T3T2yRti_XFJ0JL/s1080/1.%20%23CountHerIn(1).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aXkJq26Q6lPRtjzTK5sCP_eLIn6T2_78teoIo53rm2qUwSsoeCuAqQzj18z7djwjzfVWH_sTQLg1iKxvTPxId_w3OOlQezAl4zRlb96k6Untkjo7XM0GdCZ6pEdPc7fYRHfgqgFAqLs4_czLvPwv1yF4u5sWZLwV2OUG4T3T2yRti_XFJ0JL/w640-h640/1.%20%23CountHerIn(1).png" width="640" /></a></div><br />It is about supporting women in the
workforce, closing the Gender Pay Gap and preventing them falling into poverty and homelessness later in
life due to career interruptions such as child rearing. It also seeks to
encourage greater representation at leadership and decision – making levels in
business <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and government. To this end, the Australian Government has launched a number of initiatives as detailed in its <a href="https://genderequality.gov.au/working-for-women/priority-area-5-leadership-representation-and-decision-making" target="_blank">“Working for Women: A Strategy for Gender Equality”</a> released yesterday, with many more
in the pipeline. <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i><b>The </b></i>most pressing issue however, and
not just here in Australia is that women should be able to remain <i><span style="font-size: large;"><b>safe</b></span> </i>wherever
they are.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the topic I’ve been
working on all week so I hope to be able to post more on that shortly.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-large;">Happy International Women’s Day! </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.48pt; text-align: left;">Many thanks to all the strong and wonderful women who have inspired and encouraged me throughout my life. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt;"><br /></p>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-49110387165299064172024-03-01T16:19:00.002+11:002024-03-01T16:19:13.131+11:00Remember when....<p> </p><p>Bit busy this week folks, so I thought you might like a trip down memory lane. <br /></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="591" scrolling="no" src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?height=476&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fogleadventures%2Fvideos%2F1769760056821891%2F&show_text=true&width=267&t=0" style="border: none; overflow: hidden;" width="267"></iframe></div>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-18697496826747175692024-02-22T06:30:00.005+11:002024-03-09T01:40:03.818+11:00Loneliness - A Growing Concern<p> <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7w3PnF2WbaGD54-ZRtKC0EbWlKpPfliOJZQfbzYCx6_DpmvQx7ULGq62iQv14Nyq8qmQ1Ko30J9hGYLLMX9kD0RNEdBFdmHK4pQQVDgTCtzSN2-Q5zUDAi02zspaiq1QJzCsKmC-QFLTitRbDSlAF1DlQ0l0vEpYqVAIz2prl1vRMepKrEoiF/s1024/OIG1.D.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7w3PnF2WbaGD54-ZRtKC0EbWlKpPfliOJZQfbzYCx6_DpmvQx7ULGq62iQv14Nyq8qmQ1Ko30J9hGYLLMX9kD0RNEdBFdmHK4pQQVDgTCtzSN2-Q5zUDAi02zspaiq1QJzCsKmC-QFLTitRbDSlAF1DlQ0l0vEpYqVAIz2prl1vRMepKrEoiF/w640-h640/OIG1.D.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">- Image created by Microsoft Bing AI<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"> Hot on the heels of St. Valentine’s Day, the <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/11/who-lonelines-health-priority-weekly-health-roundup/" target="_blank">World Health Organisation</a> (WHO) warns us that we are in the midst of a Loneliness Epidemic. Loneliness can be defined in various ways, but for
now let’s just say it is the negative feeling we get when we have too little connection
to other people or not the kind of relationship we would like. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">According to WHO's global data, loneliness is most prevalent in young people aged 18 -24 (59%) and second highest (54%) among those between 25 -34. Beyond those years, feelings of loneliness gradually decline with age, with around 22% of people aged 65 and over reporting being lonely. However, there is considerable variation between and within countries, between age groups and even between males and females.<br />A systematic <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj-2021-067068" target="_blank">review and analysis</a> of surveys conducted in 133 countries, found that that loneliness was highest (14.4%) among adolescents in Eastern Mediterranean regions and lowest (9.2%) in South East Asia. While adults in Northern Europe experienced the least loneliness (2.7% - 5.2%), people in Eastern Europe reported between 7.5% and 21.3%. A 2022 study found that 49.63% of adults in <a href="https://www.statista.com/study/146594/loneliness-in-the-us/" target="_blank">the UK</a> experienced loneliness some or all of the time. </div><div style="text-align: left;">The figures for other countries can be found at <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1222815/loneliness-among-adults-by-country/" target="_blank">Statistica</a>, but you may need to sign up or log in. Data sets may vary somewhat depending when and how surveys were conducted - e.g. face to face as opposed to anonymous online surveys, and how questions were worded. Data from low to middle income countries remains scarce.</div><h2 style="text-align: left;">Are we getting Lonelier? <br /></h2><div style="text-align: left;">Loneliness has always been part of the human condition and the inspiration for much literature, music and song. However, because there have been few longitudinal studies, it is not possible to say whether loneliness is increasing. Indeed, according to a comparative chart in <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/loneliness-epidemic" target="_blank">Our World in Data</a>, loneliness appears to have fallen in many European Countries, the USA and the UK since 2005. </div><div style="text-align: left;">In <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">Australia,</a>
numbers of adults reporting loneliness have fallen somewhat since the
height of the pandemic, but in October 2022, 36% of adults still reported
feeling lonely. By contrast, despite a slight uptick beginning in around 2007, school students in the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/loneliness-epidemic" target="_blank">USA </a>were reporting significantly less loneliness in 2015 than in previous decades. So why is loneliness suddenly in the headlines?<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;">Why we are hearing more about Loneliness </h2>Recent research has shown that loneliness is a major contributor to ill health. One study likened the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/social-relations-health-and-well-being" target="_blank">risk of premature death from loneliness</a> as being similar to that from other lifestyle factors such as lack of exercise, obesity and even smoking. Below is a list generated by AI of other conditions which have been linked to loneliness. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Increased risk of <a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/social-isolation-loneliness-older-people-pose-health-risks" target="_blank">heart disease, stroke, obesity and dementia</a> </li><li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/social-isolation-loneliness-older-people-pose-health-risks" target="_blank">Weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to infection</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">Higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression</a></li><li><a href="https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2018/december-issue-6/the-impact-of-loneliness-on-the-health-and-wellbei" target="_blank">Lower self esteem and self -worth </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/social-isolation-loneliness-older-people-pose-health-risks" target="_blank">Reduced cognitive function and memory </a></li><li><a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">Increased risk of suicide and self harm </a></li><li><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj-2021-067068" target="_blank">A greater risk of substance abuse </a></li><li>and a <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj-2021-067068" target="_blank">26% greater risk of premature death.</a> <br /></li></ul></div><div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
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<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Why do so many people feel lonely?</h2><h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Life events such as divorce,
loss of a partner, retirement or relocation may cause people to experience
temporary or permanent feelings of loneliness. <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj-2021-067068" target="_blank">Migration</a>, whether rural to urban, or to another country can also separate people from families and support networks. Just having my children leave for college left me with a deep sense of loneliness.<br /></p>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The Pandemic </h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Although the pandemic has been
blamed for increasing disconnection from others due to lock -downs, school closures and a shift to home -based work, at least one Australian study found that <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness " target="_blank">social contact</a> has been falling for all age groups and particularly
for those aged 15 -24 since 2001. </p><h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The Use of Electronic Devices</h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">While growing use of electronic devices and social media my be responsible for fewer face -to -face interactions, their negative impact has been <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness, " target="_blank">refuted by other studies</a> which show that many
people also find connection and support online. See more on this below.<br /></p><h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">More People Living Alone </h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Although more people are <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/living-alone" target="_blank">living alone</a>, it <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/lonely-not-alone" target="_blank">correlates only slightly with loneliness,</a> though an Australian study found that <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">older men living alone</a> were more likely to be affected than women in the same situation.<a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness"> <br /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">What can be done about Loneliness?<br /></h3>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Improving social connection</h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">Social isolation </a>- having little social contact and few relationships, isn't always related to loneliness - you can have few contacts and not feel lonely or you can feel lonely in a crowd, but it is among one of the more tangible ways to help people to overcome loneliness. This means removing barriers to greater participation in society such as teaching people how to use the internet and making sure that they are able to access buildings, transport and activities outside their home. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Seldom mentioned is having sufficient
means to do so. One hint that this may be so, is that higher income countries in Northern Europe with <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj-2021-067068" target="_blank">more generous welfare provision and social support,</a> also have lower levels of loneliness. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">For individuals, having
a <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">paid or volunteer job,</a> or caring for another person, may help though not all studies support
the idea that volunteering will bring relief from loneliness. Other avenues include being actively involved in <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">sport</a> or getting a <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">pet</a>. <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/social-isolation-and-loneliness" target="_blank">Being in a relationship</a> is important for those aged 25 -44. <br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Help Lines </h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">People experiencing
acute loneliness can and should avail themselves of helplines such as Lifeline in
Australia or the Samaritans in the UK. They in turn, may be able to direct people to
agencies or therapists to assist with recovery. For chronic loneliness, the Australian Red Cross operates a volunteer
telephone service which phones the elderly or housebound on a regular basis. Other
organisations run services such as Meals -on -Wheels or provide transport assistance,
which can ensure some informal contact. These shouldn't be too difficult to replicate elsewhere.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">Unfortunately,
mental health care is underfunded in this country as I am sure is also the case in many others. Beyond assistance with an immediate crisis, there doesn't appear to be much to help people over the longer time it might take to recover from the loss of a loved one, to cope with a difficult diagnosis or
even retrenchment after many years in the same job. It would seem to me a good place to invest more attention and
funds to save long term dislocation and withdrawal from society. If you must
have an economic justification, think of the productivity gains if up to a third of the
population wasn't lonely and depressed. </p><h4 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">Peer to Peer Support <br /></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">Some
schools are doing this very well by training responsible students to be able to respond to possible issues such as bullying or exclusion, but once young people leave school or home, there may be
few avenues for them to seek help. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">In the early
70s I was part of a group trained by a team of doctors and other professionals to support young people who were experiencing an emergency such as a drug overdose, arrest
or unwanted pregnancy. At the time, drugs, abortion and homosexuality were all illegal, but we knew doctors, lawyers and others who were likely to be sympathetic and we would accompany people there if they wanted that. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">We also had a helpline and a drop -in centre in premises donated by the local council. People could come in and help out or just sit and chat or look through the notice boards for things like rooms to let, forthcoming concerts and so on. There's no reason that something like this couldn't be done via the internet.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">Indeed, son spends many hours helping people in chat rooms and in a gamer community he is a part of. Members support each other on and offline and he has formed some deep friendships in the process. It's one of the reasons why I don't condemn social media. I use Twitter -whatever Elon likes to call it, the same way and of course, many people also find true love and happiness or even just friends via the many <a href="https://www.datingadvice.com/online-dating/dating-sites-with-the-most-users, " target="_blank">dating sites </a>– though you do have to
careful and be alert for scams. [I make no guarantees or recommendations].<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">Shared projects and goals also bring people together in an unstructured way. I think it's one of the reasons why <a href="https://www.veronikawild.com/2022/08/putting-age-friendly-principles-into_31.html" target="_blank">Men's Sheds</a>, <a href="https://www.veronikawild.com/2022/08/putting-age-friendly-principles-into_31.html" target="_blank">Community Gardens </a>and the <a href="https://www.veronikawild.com/2021/03/at-repair-cafe-and-why-we-need-right-to.html" target="_blank">Repair Café</a><a href="https://www.veronikawild.com/2021/03/at-repair-cafe-and-why-we-need-right-to.html" target="_blank">s</a> work so well. The trick is to find something which makes <i>you </i>happy, because happiness is attractive in itself, but you may also find someone who shares your passion and you would certainly have something to talk about. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: justify;">-Image, some information and references were generated with help from Microsoft Bing AI. <br /></p><br />Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-12312170529627674292024-02-14T14:52:00.005+11:002024-02-15T01:24:27.083+11:00Happy Valentine's Day!<div><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5ZcwZzOLmiH7mtADbjTXq0ywclboEWUtu26t0jVXyGpFCyelJESIxKZY-Bg4RPIQ2JekLD0PJC7NdT_mo-xLbCFbUMNuZFuMJEhRnQFMHyZmliEKoRM3UIh-XdIExvrEkb3KDga8IkYyMHNONVjakwrZEhoaWhsYI24dFcdrxna2lcrCez0gK/s1024/OIG2.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5ZcwZzOLmiH7mtADbjTXq0ywclboEWUtu26t0jVXyGpFCyelJESIxKZY-Bg4RPIQ2JekLD0PJC7NdT_mo-xLbCFbUMNuZFuMJEhRnQFMHyZmliEKoRM3UIh-XdIExvrEkb3KDga8IkYyMHNONVjakwrZEhoaWhsYI24dFcdrxna2lcrCez0gK/w640-h640/OIG2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">-Image by Microsoft Bing AI<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p> It doesn't matter whom or what you love, so long as you love</p><p style="text-align: center;">To misquote Martin Luther King, " Darkness cannot drive out darkness. Only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate. Only love can do that."<br /></p></div><div style="text-align: center;">---------------------------------------------------<br /></div><br /><div><p> I didn't know that St.Valentine was also the patron saint of beekeepers. Living in the third century AD he secretly married couples against the orders of the Roman Emperor who preferred his soldiers to remain single. He was subsequently executed for this on the day that bears his name. Read More his life <a href="https://glorybee.com/blog/saint-valentine-patron-saint-of-beekeepers-and-lovers/" target="_blank">here.</a> <br /></p><p>As to the association of <a href="https://beehoneymakers.com/why-is-st-valentine-the-patron-saint-of-beekeepers/" target="_blank">honey with love</a>, it was thought to be an aphrodisiac and fed to newly married couples to enhance their fertility - hence the first month of marriage was called the honeymoon. See more about this and other customs related love, bees and St. Valentine<a href="https://beehoneymakers.com/why-is-st-valentine-the-patron-saint-of-beekeepers/" target="_blank"> here.</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p></div>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-15555593371578270332024-02-11T01:35:00.008+11:002024-02-11T03:47:55.351+11:00Things Seen and Heard<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAJqLC95h6_DSHGOTwnVuA8Eb8oPcVkjICmAeopnhczRGkJBDwFMMp4XUA4GpBBZ-TCgCIVuYxHkOAzKfuWtObIrV9g9YxiQy_rQi4Qq_fBRvgqusQ02SuAkcHsUj514IvXEqG-ajGvXWAYj0tbms991fGUWYIjv4B1E7qEqRlr60nHlWrLgd6/s1280/cinema-strip-64074_1280.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="904" data-original-width="1280" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAJqLC95h6_DSHGOTwnVuA8Eb8oPcVkjICmAeopnhczRGkJBDwFMMp4XUA4GpBBZ-TCgCIVuYxHkOAzKfuWtObIrV9g9YxiQy_rQi4Qq_fBRvgqusQ02SuAkcHsUj514IvXEqG-ajGvXWAYj0tbms991fGUWYIjv4B1E7qEqRlr60nHlWrLgd6/w640-h452/cinema-strip-64074_1280.webp" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">-Big thanks to <a href="Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay" target="_blank">Gerd Altmann</a> and <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=image&utm_content=139848" target="_blank">Pixabay</a> for this image<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
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</p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Heading2Char"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">“All the Light We Cannot See” (2023) Netflix</span></span> </h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">This is a poignant story set in the French seaside town of
St. Malo shortly before the end of World War II. Marie, a blind girl, continues to broadcast
over the radio despite the fact that listening to anything other than the
official German broadcasts is punishable by death, let alone broadcasting. Initially she does it to reach out to her missing father and to inspire hope in others, just as a wonderful professor had inspired her when she was a child. There are several
subplots which include both good Germans and bad, but most telling and timely
of all, it shows that despite the harsh reality of war, small islands
of sanity, humanity and courage prevail. 5 Stars.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ePLIObDy_HI?si=mFGsU-gS3dM2Q7Ge" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">"Painkiller" (2023) Netflix</h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">This movie takes on the Pharmaceutical Industry, particularly its role in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_opioid_epidemic" target="_blank">Opioid Epidemic</a> which took hold in the USA over the last two decades largely due to the aggressive and deceitful way in which drugs such as as Oxycontyn were marketed. Contrary to advice given to doctors and patients, the drug was highly addictive and between 1996 and 2017 an estimated 200,000 people had died of overdoses. Despite several lawsuits against manufacturer, Purdue Pharmaceuticals and the Sackler Family which owned it, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html" target="_blank">200 people a day</a> in the USA are still dying from opioid overdoses. <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yjPeczI4PUo?si=BJUpVaBCiex-2gvL" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> "The Fall of the the House of Usher" Netflix<br /></h3><p class="MsoNormal">A more farcical take on the same subject, the "Fall of the House of Usher," released two months later, is about the head of a powerful pharmaceutical company, who, nearing the end of his life, starts confessing his misdeeds to the prosecutor who has been after him for years. It's about corruption, Faustian bargains and selling one's soul for money. </p>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></h3><h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> The War on Democracy<br /></h2><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">"The Great Hack"(2019) Netflix<br /></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Anyone else who’s wondering how democracies all the around the world are being hijacked, should take a look at this movie. It's all about using data hoovered from millions of Social Media accounts, searches and viewing, being used to personalise messaging to swinging voters. Although Cambridge Analytica's role in this has now been exposed and they have gone bankrupt, it would be naive to think that when there is so much money involved, there aren't other shadowy organisations doing the same thing. </p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iX8GxLP1FHo?si=Fe-vs713obxeoQY0" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">"The Family" (2020) Netflix</h3><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Speaking of political intrigue, "The Family" points to another source of political interference, and why we now have much less separation between church and state. It's about a powerful religious organisation which seems to have existed for quite a while in the USA, but has more recently expanded beyond it's base. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7knN2TXQPzw?si=MH5WUU5NFpKAVLm3" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">“Seaspiracy” (2021) Netflix <br /></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">This is a bit of an update about what's happening to our oceans and why some of the measures which have been taken to protect it aren't as effective as everyone had hoped.<br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1Q5CXN7soQg?si=C6fawP5sLmWy2kMI" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">"Dirty Money" (Netflix series, 2 seasons)<br /></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have only watched a couple of episodes in this series, but it seems that the whole world is now just a turf war between rival crime syndicates in which other humans and the planet itself are merely bit players and collateral damage. Watch and weep. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Series 1 Trailer</p><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CsplLiZHbj0?si=O-U3e7dMgh13YH4f" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Series 2 </h3>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/p8enKudcpK8?si=ipxElFcAbzTfj2Ft" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></h3><h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Other Disasters</h2>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">"The Railway Men" -India (2023) Netflix</h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">This is a fictionalised account based on witness reports about the aftermath of the Bhopal Tragedy. It is also a moving tribute to the Railway Men who did
their best to save others. There was one thing which I found particularly moving. We often hear about major tragedies in other countries - an earthquake here, monsoon flooding there or disasters like this, but this movie makes it clear that behind each set of raw numbers there are individuals with unique personalities and stories, each one just trying to make a living and get on with their lives - people just like us, and it makes them much harder to dismiss. There are also some juicy subplots such as the one about a thief who hopes to profit from the situation or the company man seeking to downplay its responsibility. <br /> <br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iD3TZ_Xxc14?si=ZgtcxIu4Y-YPoLcJ" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">"The Days" – Japan (2023) Netflix</h3><p class="MsoNormal">For anyone who still thinks nuclear is a great idea, here's the inside story about what happened in Fukushima.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQkb7fCr2bQ?si=xTAIZBI-H3V0KiJF" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">"Pandora"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- South
Korea (2016)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Netflix</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal">Loosely based on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country#South_Korea" target="_blank">nuclear incident in 1999</a>, this story acknowledges the role of nuclear energy in lifting South Korea out of
poverty and enabling it to become an industrial super power. However, it is also a warning about not being blind to its risks or taking it for granted. Faced with an energy shortfall on the one hand, and pressure to close nuclear power plants in the the wake of Fukushima and to reduce emissions on the other, this film encapsulates the dilemma which not only <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2019.1585585" target="_blank">South Korea </a>but many other countries face today. It asks ” Do you want
to pass on an abundant life to the children or do you want to pass on a safe
comfortable world?” It commands us not to look away but to open Pandora's Box.<br /></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQkb7fCr2bQ?si=xTAIZBI-H3V0KiJF" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Comedy and Satire</h2><p class="MsoNormal">If all this is getting you down, there’s are a number of extremely funny podcasts and videos I follow to cheer myself up. It's said that humans are the only species known to laugh in the face of
doom. Germans call it Galgenhumor which translates
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">WARNING: OFFENSIVE LANGUAGE!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For Aussies, there’s Dan Ilic’s regular Podcast – “A Rational
Fear’ which literally bills itself as “laughing at the world as it burns down around us." Catch it on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/a-rational-fear/id522303261" target="_blank">Apple</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6Q8kdlEjljUt18t8LjHODD" target="_blank">Spotify</a>, YouTube, or
wherever you get your podcasts.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://chaser.com.au/" target="_blank">The Chaser</a> a.k.a. Craig Reucastle and his team have been making Australia laugh at itself since 2009. Reucastle is also responsible for more
serious programs such as the War on Waste, using humour to highlight pollution
and bad policy. You can follow his hilarious take on Australian life <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/the-chaser-report/id1506693707" target="_blank">here</a>. There are also regular publications and newsletters from the
Chaser team. I for example, am the proud owner of their "Chaser’s Guide to Earth” which promises to bring you "All the best places in the world to stare at your phone.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Perhaps not unsurprisingly, Craig Reucastle is among the many Australian comedians who
have Law Degrees -it's almost a pre -requisite. They include Friendlyjordies,
Shaun Micallef, Charlie Pickering, Jane Turner of Kath and Kim fame and Rebel
Wilson. Dan Ilic swears he never studied law, but he does hold a Bachelor of Laws from Monash University. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Unfortunately, much of the humour in the above is lost if you don’t happen
to follow Australian politics and current affairs, but fear not, Juice Media whom I
also follow, has now branched out to offend other countries as well. See for
example, their take on Canada (below), <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIdwf717p0w" target="_blank">Brazil,</a> or the <a href="https://youtu.be/jL5LaLT2BJM?si=1sNi_dFgVNzLNi7J" target="_blank">USA</a>. Brave people all, donate, subscribe, share or support them in any way you can.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u7s-BgfcFXw?si=42OyDWiTubgAjB73" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br />To finish off on a lighter note, Series 3 of "Terzi the Tailor," the brilliant Turkish series
has also landed. Will it he choose the woman he loves or his lifelong friend. Just as compelling as the previous two, it tidies up most of
the loose ends and perhaps sets the stage for another. </p>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="383" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZdmgrN1Bljc" title="The Tailor: Season 3 | Official Trailer | Netflix" width="680"></iframe>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Our thoughts this week are with all those who are suffering be it in Gaza, Ukraine or those places affected by floods, drought or cyclones. Next week perhaps we'll have a review of some of the positive things which are happening in the world despite these events, but today I can't.<br /></p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-9477701653366992112024-02-02T10:03:00.007+11:002024-02-05T22:17:15.265+11:00So why aren’t we turning Empty Office Buildings into Housing?<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbPSetYMJW6WuQNS5pwEN-jB1iYN_44uR4IHBQrGttdFpTjjJnCEcIBolAV4xqSkdAl5ku_8i8jhKRFKJ4z3fuhK-hX7Bi8UqrniVm89OJSP_pnCtw9Jtp9pOCtsEDwYr8brGPtDvUg18wjEM8gH1S1Yw4SD2p2ONvhWmggVj9VHZLHyL9tvb/s1024/OIG.hehkC.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbPSetYMJW6WuQNS5pwEN-jB1iYN_44uR4IHBQrGttdFpTjjJnCEcIBolAV4xqSkdAl5ku_8i8jhKRFKJ4z3fuhK-hX7Bi8UqrniVm89OJSP_pnCtw9Jtp9pOCtsEDwYr8brGPtDvUg18wjEM8gH1S1Yw4SD2p2ONvhWmggVj9VHZLHyL9tvb/w640-h640/OIG.hehkC.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">-Image generated by Microsoft Bing AI<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Excess Office Space: Too Little Housing <br /></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’ve been asking this question for a while now since many cities are facing not one, but two problems. The first is lack of affordable
housing. The second is that - especially since the pandemic when many
professional people discovered the joys of working from home, there are now
<a href="https://youtu.be/fd04Cpsqp-M?si=perYkIZkz-eWbv5p" target="_blank">many vacant office buildings</a>. While converting them to housing looks like a
perfect solution to both, it isn’t as simple as it sounds. </p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">WHY IS IT SO HARD? </h3>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">NOT ALL OFFICE BUILDINGS ARE CREATED EQUAL</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">Modern Post War Office Buildings have
air conditioning and glass curtain walls, many central pillars and no opening
windows. This makes them poor candidates for conversion because each apartment would
need its own bathroom, kitchen, plumbing, access and windows which open to the
fresh air. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Because most older buildings usually have opening windows, they lend themselves more readily to this and may have more suitable floor plates. Unfortunately, according to some estimates that means that only around <a href="https://youtu.be/q_StufcvmJA?si=E61Rly8MruES6XUL" target="_blank">10 and 15%</a> of buildings suitable for Adaptive Reuse as its called. </p><h4 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">COST</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">Where the shell of a building can
be retained, there are considerable savings on material and time and it is also
better for the environment – building and construction produce even more
emissions than the aviation sector - but the need to incorporate modern
facilities into each dwelling means that it is still very expensive. In some cases
it involves cutting out large sections so that occupants can have private
outdoor spaces, adequate plumbing and access to natural light. This makes for very expensive apartments and keeps them out of reach of those
who need them most. The <a href="https://youtu.be/nTKjwWlhcLM?si=rXN7Tfv7gshvwcZ5" target="_blank">City of Chicago </a>overcomes this barrier by providing subsidies or tax benefits to developers. Others - and I believe some Sydney Councils have started doing this, is to make development approval conditional on providing a certain number of affordable apartments.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Unforeseen problems such older buildings containing asbestos may also be encountered, adding considerably to the cost and uncertainty for developers. Sometimes demolition and building from scratch is cheaper than trying to work with an existing building. <br /></p>
<h4 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">ZONING DIFFICULTIES</h4>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">There may also be barriers such as
Cultural Heritage listings which do not permit alteration or demolition or there may be other restrictions. New York for instance, has specific laws which do not
allow Residential Development in areas designated for Office Space because it wanted to maintain a separate business district. It also earned more from office
space than from residential buildings. Such laws may have had some merit in the past, but
in today’s climate of vacant office space and great pressure for housing, they
are no longer sound. Indeed, rezoning would help to add life, business activity
and vibrancy to areas which are currently deserted after 5 pm. For cities it means less expenditure on infrastructure, less traffic and less pollution and could spell the end of the <a href="https://youtu.be/q_StufcvmJA?si=E61Rly8MruES6XUL" target="_blank">Urban Doom Loop </a>whereby lack of property tax income means less and less money for services. It is also better for owners because it means some return on investment rather than nothing.</p><h4 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">WILL PEOPLE WANT TO LIVE IN REPURPOSED
OFFICE BUILDINGS?</h4><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">It is only in recent years that that apartment dwelling has become more acceptable in Australia
– traditionally the land of the quarter acre block and sprawling suburbs. For some of the reasons why this is so, see the excellent Better Building video <a href="https://youtu.be/mjdvt3mPc4w?si=u93XReikm5yycLVl" target="_blank">here.</a> <br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">The large highrise public housing estates built in Australia in the 1950 – 60s attracted so much criticism that the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/Australia%E2%80%99s%20Biggest%20Ever%20Urban%20Renewal%20Project%20|%20Premier%20of%20Victoria" target="_blank">Victorian Government</a> is in the process pullin<a href="Australia’s Biggest Ever Urban Renewal Project | Premier of Victoria" target="_blank">g</a> the last of them down. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">However appalling the slums they
replaced might have been, people missed the sense of community they had had and felt isolated and alone in impersonal surroundings over
which they had no control. They also disliked the stigma involved in being housed in
this manner. The lumping together of desperately poor people is thought to have contributed to the formation of gangs and to have attracted criminal elements, thereby increasing the stigma
associated with living there. Tenants also complained about <a href="https://redflag.org.au/article/high-rise-history-life-and-death-melbournes-public-housing" target="_blank">lack of privacy and lack of communal areas, lack of maintenance</a> and so on, which also gave such dwellings a bad name. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fortunately in the intervening decades, attitudes have been changing both towards </span>apartment
dwelling and social housing. As far as apartment dwelling in general goes, the new urbanites prefer being closer to work, services and restaurants, to the isolation of the suburbs and long commutes. Many are also relieved that their weekends are no longer taken up with mowing lawns and maintaining gardens. <br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">On the social housing front, there is more emphasis
on open and shared spaces both private and public, having more personalised dwellings and having mixed use or services located in the same building. There are also efforts to be more inclusive and to encourage more diversity by having different kinds of people - the young, the elderly,
families and singles, people with disabilities, people of diverse backgrounds and income levels, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>just as you would have in any normal community, which makes things much more interesting. </p>
<h4 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;"> SOME SUCCESS STORIES</h4><h4 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</h4><p class="MsoNormal">Between 2020 and 2021, New York was able to create 11,000
apartments out of redundant buildings, though it goes nowhere near meeting demand. <a href="https://youtu.be/TkUA0MwieCY?si=Y6LCvp8v2ZL_SjYZ" target="_blank">Calgary</a>
in Canada has done a fine job of converting Office Space to Housing after experiencing a 32% decline in business leases. Spain, which has enshrined the right to housing in law, has also created affordable housing out of existing buildings. Below are links to some of these and other
successful conversions though not all
of them are about office buildings. For more on this topic - see the excellent DW video on You Tube <a href="https://youtu.be/FQOgOhheSi4?si=J7c2XH8SnPa_LsDp" target="_blank">here</a> or one about Boston <a href="https://youtu.be/TkUA0MwieCY?si=9VkXjZfAiYn2QPpX" target="_blank">here.</a></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://gbdmagazine.com/affordable-housing-adaptive-reuse/#:~:text=6%20Examples%20of%20Affordable%20Housing%20Through%20Adaptive%20Reuse,6%206.%20La%20Peninsula%2C%20Hunts%20Point%2C%20NY%20">6
Examples of Affordable Housing Through Adaptive Reuse - gb&d
(gbdmagazine.com)</a> Note the provision of private outdoor space. Many also
include communal areas and some include shops or services such as childcare as
well.</li><li><a href="https://www.shareable.net/11-projects-that-prove-affordable-housing-can-be-beautiful/">11
Projects That Prove Affordable Housing Can Be Beautiful - Shareable</a></li><li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="https://www.bestmswprograms.com/impressive-social-housing-projects/">30
of the World’s Most Impressive Social Housing Projects – Best MSW Programs</a></li></ul><div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: left;">While converting Office Buildings
may not solve all our housing crises, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adaptive
Reuse could revitalise cites and reduce the cost - financial, social and environmental, of homelessness and continued urban sprawl. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: left;">Thanks to Microsoft Bing AI for help with this post and the illustration. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><br /></div>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-41859294026744542542024-01-24T10:54:00.000+11:002024-01-24T10:54:03.559+11:00Small is Beautiful - The Tiny House <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB8YqPPlAXTpwK4y0Z1b2ERjHzr84BMdANNcJgJiouw8n-lgw-odwR5epw-9pIRQEWeTcB9oklbSIEjagfsjCH99CkTC_uApGc5o7uIzjV02VWcgZtDEH02LVG338QT2egvT1C-abWBqg7pOvraoQ-ZvD_0EIGW84ACx3lmEK7YKY0QT_ZKvQy/s449/3f94ef42a57c33c676a6bce010f081e1@1.5x.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="449" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB8YqPPlAXTpwK4y0Z1b2ERjHzr84BMdANNcJgJiouw8n-lgw-odwR5epw-9pIRQEWeTcB9oklbSIEjagfsjCH99CkTC_uApGc5o7uIzjV02VWcgZtDEH02LVG338QT2egvT1C-abWBqg7pOvraoQ-ZvD_0EIGW84ACx3lmEK7YKY0QT_ZKvQy/w640-h480/3f94ef42a57c33c676a6bce010f081e1@1.5x.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Tiny House on Wheels - Fixed or mobile, most are prefabricated and transportable, saving time and money in construction </td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">-<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://localwiki.org/davis/Tiny_House/Small_House_Movement" target="_blank">This Photo</a> by Unknown Author is licensed under </span><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">CC BY</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Still thinking about housing. This time I'm looking at Tiny Homes, not the least because youngest can’t get a place to live,
nor even to rent, because there’s simply nothing affordable in his price range.
In Queensland, at least one place is renting out shipping containers for $200
per week. By using standardised components, fewer materials, prefabrication and
economies of scale, tiny homes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can
indeed be much cheaper to build than conventional ones, but given that even
wealthy people such as <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5f74gl49jUQ" target="_blank">Elon Musk </a>are choosing to live in a tiny home, there must be
other good reasons for considering them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here are some of the main ones. </p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Speed of Construction, Transportability and Flexibilty </h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Tiny Homes come in a <a href="https://cobasaigonjp.com/2023/02/11/best-tiny-house-design-ideas/" target="_blank">wide range of configurations</a> and
can usually be adapted to your specific needs. Standardised and pre -fabricated, they can be erected in a fraction of the time it takes to
build a conventional house, saving not only time but money. Many people made homeless by Australia's 2019 bushfires are still waiting to be rehoused. Imagine how much better it would have been, had we already had a stock of such houses, especially as severe weather, storms and floods become more frequent. They could also help to resolve Australia’s pre -existing <a href="https://youtu.be/Y5Hx9KXMJCI?si=Rx_QP4gkQdeoKY7V" target="_blank">housing crisis</a>, which is now affecting rural communities as well as cities. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">A Smaller Environmental Footprint, Sustainability</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Less material used in construction already means less need
for timber, concrete, transport and the like. However, tiny homes also take up
a lot less space. This means fewer trees need to be cut down and less habitat is
destroyed by development. In the long term, it would reduce commuting
times and costs, rather than allowing our cities to keep on sprawling outwards. Denser
settlement would also mean less expenditure on infrastructure such as roads, water and power supplies and would make public transport more
economically viable. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Small dwellings also use far less energy to run and need
less heating and cooling. See Elon Musk’s $10,000 home below for example, which
generates its own renewable energy, making it not only much cheaper to run for
the householder, but reduces emissions over all, especially where conventional
power comes from fossil fuels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Going completely off-grid is also an option in some locations, though less and less so in Australia. </span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5f74gl49jUQ?si=W9Hn6H9KnKyel9X8" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Lifestyle Reasons</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Many <a href="25 Celebrities Who Live in Surprisingly Modest Homes — Best Life (bestlifeonline.com)" target="_blank">celebrities</a> are eschewing conspicuous displays of
wealth and are looking for a life which involves less
consumption, less responsibility or is more in tune with nature. Some do it for convenience. Others such as
<a href="10 Rich and Famous People With Small and Modest Homes | GOBankingRates" target="_blank">Chuck Feeney</a> – co – founder of Duty Free Shoppers Group, have bought them in
order to spend more money on philanthropic projects. Simplicity, practicality and the idea of
minimalism have also played a role.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Musk
hasn’t just sold all his other properties and chosen a tiny home for
himself. He has also bought into the company that makes them! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">For those doing it out of necessity rather than choice, owning
a smaller place means more peace of mind, the possibility of being able to live
within one’s means and less risk of being thrown out onto the
street, especially as rents or interest rates continue to rise. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students and adult children who are presently condemned to living in the parental home can gain more independence in a small but separate dwelling. Older family
members can stay nearby, rather than being shuffled off to an aged -care
home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I personally like the idea of having less cleaning and
maintenance to do, but let's not forget the <a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/advice/pros-cons-living-in-a-tiny-home/" target="_blank">downsides</a>. Here are some of the major challenges.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The Disadvantages of Tiny Homes</h3>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Finding Land, Council Restrictions</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Finding land for a Tiny Home is a big problem. It’s expensive
and hard to find, even in rural areas. Most councils in Tasmania at least, do not allow building of
even a granny flat, unless there is already a full -sized house on the
property. If there is a home on the property, subdivision - if allowed at all,
may come at considerable cost, as would site works and connection to
services. Building Codes are complex and vary around the country too.
There are 29 different municipalities in this small state alone and they all have different rules. Many Tiny Homes produced elsewhere would not meet council specifications,
especially with respect to new regulations such as those about wind, fire, insulation and even
condensation. The last one will come into effect in October in Tasmania, due to concerns about mould.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G6-O3wgLHQ " target="_blank">Finance and Insurance</a> may also be more difficult to obtain. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Lack of Space and Privacy<br /></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">This is rarely a problem for those who travel a lot or spend
most of the day at work and who do not yet have a clutch of children. However,
I notice that many of the Celebs mentioned in the <a href="25 Celebrities Who Live in Surprisingly Modest Homes — Best Life (bestlifeonline.com)" target="_blank">Best Life </a>article, did go on to buy larger homes once children came
along. My own house at 10 sqm is classed as a Small Home rather than a Tiny House, which can be as small as 4 sqm. It works reasonably well for singles or a couple, but it’s
all open plan and it doesn’t allow much privacy if anyone else stays here. If you are planning to share with someone, you would want to make sure that you get along really well first, though a Tiny House would certainly bring you physically closer. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">There’s almost no room for hobbies or exercise equipment of
any kind and too bad if you don’t like the music or viewing your partner likes,
unless you each have an iPad and noise cancelling head phones. You would also want an outdoor area if you plan
to do much entertaining. </p><h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The Storage Problem
</h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Storage, or rather the lack of it, can be a big problem too. Many elderly people would have to give up furniture
and treasured possessions to fit into a tiny home. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The following video is a bit long but has some additional advice about living an a Tiny House. note particularly what the presenter says about condensation and how to beat cabin fever, both of which are important in colder, wetter regions such as ours.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5G6-O3wgLHQ?si=9ySsIGuxst9U57ed" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Though there is much we can learn from Tiny House living, you do have to wonder how large families managed in our
'traditional' tiny homes – one lounge, one bedroom with a lean-to kitchen and
wash house -if you were lucky. For ways to deal with some of the other challenges click <a href="https://nesthouse.com.au/what-are-the-challenges-faced-by-those-who-choose-to-live-in-tiny-homes-and-how-can-they-be-overcome/" target="_blank">here</a>. Whole <a href="https://localwiki.org/davis/Tiny_House/Small_House_Movement" target="_blank">communities</a> have sprung up - mostly in the USA, but also online to help you to overcome them and for mutual support. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHNq7PT6UH4OYMf8QZ4XsIgM7Ys6dCA08e4hpzFYpK8rMS_2K3cPtVDksAl6ArCculGbEc9HXSRK4MmCfEvQQ2PuXexBNBXgG8sTmzaTFPdVfPbZevMSgiONtFkHsQ4Sd5KXZOlJFFrZWVWJtGpJwRovT9NSao8t-1d-YLlJcMkZhHm8qlDoRd/s4032/IMG_9703.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHNq7PT6UH4OYMf8QZ4XsIgM7Ys6dCA08e4hpzFYpK8rMS_2K3cPtVDksAl6ArCculGbEc9HXSRK4MmCfEvQQ2PuXexBNBXgG8sTmzaTFPdVfPbZevMSgiONtFkHsQ4Sd5KXZOlJFFrZWVWJtGpJwRovT9NSao8t-1d-YLlJcMkZhHm8qlDoRd/w480-h640/IMG_9703.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tiny Houses aren't new. They just weren't called that. This beautifully restored <a href="https://www.lunchboxarchitect.com/featured/milkmans-cottage-hobart-heritage-cottage-renovation-preston-lane-architects/" target="_blank">Milkman's Cottage</a> dates from 1890 and shows what can be achieved with a small space. It now boasts a modern kitchen and bathroom and a pocket handkerchief-sized bit of outdoor space <br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6IQzvGYweHzVsEGBmbkDi4f2UM9yd-ct-fgPSX0np6onkulWWXIzaFwNh_40rsWbbq-Gt5C6qBNPUmS_DiRV3gCnUib5Z6QnfMsTqrO6NwSwSPYz51TP3yg9Ujoe-5Jgu8rhxbIm9rmuTYY6bXK-zhAjG3vLzWHplLtcfgagUJWFctN8_aJzN/s3654/Office,%20MilkMans%20Cottage.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3654" data-original-width="2741" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6IQzvGYweHzVsEGBmbkDi4f2UM9yd-ct-fgPSX0np6onkulWWXIzaFwNh_40rsWbbq-Gt5C6qBNPUmS_DiRV3gCnUib5Z6QnfMsTqrO6NwSwSPYz51TP3yg9Ujoe-5Jgu8rhxbIm9rmuTYY6bXK-zhAjG3vLzWHplLtcfgagUJWFctN8_aJzN/s320/Office,%20MilkMans%20Cottage.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">There is even a dedicated workspace<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">While Tiny pre-made and modular homes do have the potential
to solve some of our housing problems, they are no a substitute for a
decent Housing Policy which recognises having a place to call home as a basic human right and as a precondition for everything else. The biggest advantage in the
meantime, comes from the sense of security that comes of owning a piece of real
estate where you can be the master or mistress of your domain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Next Time: Why don't we Re -purpose empty Office Buildings for Housing? <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> </p>
<br />Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-19326393674822868522024-01-19T09:14:00.000+11:002024-01-19T09:14:19.500+11:00 Why not more Prefab? [ Reprinted with kind permission from "The Conversation"]<h1 class="legacy">Building houses in factories for the Commonwealth Games was meant to help the housing crisis. What now?</h1>
<figure>
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538911/original/file-20230724-25-3s1qad.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=27%2C6%2C4573%2C3055&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" />
<figcaption>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/louise-dorignon-1447873">Louise Dorignon</a>, <i><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></i> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/trivess-moore-12580">Trivess Moore</a>, <i><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></i></span>
<p>Huge sporting events come with substantial public investment in housing. After Melbourne hosted the 1956 Olympics, about 600 houses in the athlete village became public housing in West Heidelberg. After Melbourne hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the athlete village in Parkville was <a href="https://www.development.vic.gov.au/projects/parkville-gardens?page=overview">largely sold off</a>, with 320 houses going to social housing. </p>
<p>Victoria’s now cancelled 2026 Commonwealth Games were meant to have the same effect in the state’s smaller cities. New dwellings were intended to help boost social and private housing supply amid the ongoing housing crisis. Ironically, the broader housing crisis <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/how-the-housing-crisis-helped-kill-off-the-commonwealth-games-20230719-p5dpij.html">may have contributed</a> to the cancellation, as worker shortages and building material price spikes took their toll. </p>
<p>Importantly, half of these <a href="https://builtoffsite.com.au/news/development-victoria-issues-advanced-tender-for-2026-commonwealth-games-with-commitment-for-50-prefabricated-buildings-and-structures/">were to be</a> prefabricated and modular buildings. This would speed up construction and demonstrate what’s now possible. While regions like Scotland now do almost all of their construction in factories, Australia is only just beginning. </p>
<p>So is cancellation of the games a blow for prefab construction in Australia? It’s a PR setback, given the attention it would have received. The state government has committed to building 1,300 new homes in the regions, the same number intended for the games. As yet, we don’t know if these will be prefab. </p>
<h2>Building the prefab profile</h2>
<p>Victoria agreed to host the games only last year. That gave very little lead time – the games will start in just two and a half years, assuming a new host is found. This rapid time frame was why Victoria’s government looked to prefab to provide the thousands of dwellings needed for officials, athletes and workers. </p>
<p>After the games, these houses in Victoria’s fast-growing host cities of Bendigo, Ballarat, Geelong and Shepparton were meant to boost social and affordable <a href="https://www.theurbandeveloper.com/articles/victorian-government-eoi-commonwealth-games-villages">housing supply</a>.</p>
<p>The plans were a welcome shot in the arm for Australia’s prefab industry, which was just <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/may/21/could-prefab-homes-be-future-australian-house-houses">5% of new builds</a> this year, though it’s expected to reach <a href="https://builtoffsite.com.au/emag/issue-01/prefab-australian-building-sector/">10% by 2030</a>. Scaling up the use of prefabrication will need government support and leadership. </p>
<p>Leading prefab jurisdictions like <a href="https://www.nweurope.eu/media/10913/tg_construction_oxford_meeting_brochure.pdf">Scotland</a> and <a href="https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/scandinavia-prefabricated-housing-market">Sweden</a> have needed government support to get to where they are, with prefab accounting for 84%.</p>
<h2>Why look to prefab homes at all?</h2>
<p>Factories are a way of producing standardised products more cheaply. Bringing <a href="https://aecom.com/without-limits/article/offsite-construction-unlocking-a-thriving-and-sustainable-construction-industry">these techniques</a> to bear on houses cuts costs, slashes waste by up to half, and can quickly boost housing supply. Waste can be cut by precise standardised measurements and the use of low-carbon materials like timber or <a href="https://www.arup.com/news-and-events/aisc-design-guide-for-hybrid-steel-timber">hybrid steel-timber</a> reduces environmental impact. </p>
<p>You might think prefab homes would all look the same or lack quality. But standardisation can often be high quality. When construction is done in a factory setting with a controlled environment, it can be easier to ensure it’s airtight, well insulated and meets standards.</p>
<p>Prefab factories can reduce the impact of weather on construction, though it does create another challenge – transporting the dwelling to the site. </p>
<p>It’s not just for single or double-storey buildings. More than 500 apartments were delivered to a vacant site in London using modular systems, which were then slotted into place to <a href="https://www.hta.co.uk/project/101-george-street">build Ten Degrees</a>, the world’s tallest residential modular building to this date. The process cut embodied carbon by up to 40%, according to the building’s designers. </p>
<h2>Boosting prefab without the games</h2>
<p>In a <a href="https://www.mbav.com.au/news-information/policy-and-advocacy/building-transition-report?policy">recent report</a> led by Master Builders Victoria, we examined how experiences of the Birmingham 2022 and Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games in the UK helped the construction industry innovate in areas like prefab housing. </p>
<p>Preparations for the Birmingham games faced the unprecedented challenge of the COVID pandemic. As a result, the planned athlete village was <a href="https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/homes-and-property/first-time-home-buyers-luck-26680120">never used</a> for athletes, and the units built eventually became private and social housing. Prefab techniques <a href="https://familybusinessunited.com/2021/02/26/willmott-dixon-embraces-innovative-approach-in-birmingham">were used</a> to build 430 apartments. </p>
<p></p>
<p>Even with the COVID challenge, these apartments were completed ahead of time. In contrast to traditional construction methods, there was more use of the local workforce.</p>
<h2>Why isn’t Australia embracing these techniques?</h2>
<p>Inertia. To make prefab housing mainstream in Australia will mean major changes to the way things are done at present. Our construction industry is not always able to take risks, which makes innovation challenging. </p>
<p>One way to get around this is to create the demand for these types of houses. In Victoria, the government’s pledge to still deliver the promised regional housing could be tied to prefabrication, to help deliver high quality, <a href="https://theconversation.com/turning-the-housing-crisis-around-how-a-circular-economy-can-give-us-affordable-sustainable-homes-208745">sustainable and affordable housing</a> more quickly and begin reshaping the wider industry.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="modular office building" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=427&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=427&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=427&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=536&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=536&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=536&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" /></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Prefab buildings can be produced to be modular, meaning they can stack or connect, as in this image of a modular office building in Berlin.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Even with the games gone, other pressures like the rental and housing crisis are only intensifying. Prefab could help here by offering more affordable and sustainable housing as an option, especially outside metropolitan areas where the cost of land makes up a smaller proportion of the cost of a house or as urban infill.</p>
<p>The games would have helped supercharge the prefab industry. But Australia has an urgent need for more housing. Prefab could <a href="https://thefifthestate.com.au/innovation/residential-2/why-prefab-building-is-going-gangbusters-smart-building-for-the-21st-century/">help deliver this</a> more cheaply and more sustainably. </p>
<p><i>Former RMIT researcher and Master Builders Victoria adviser Joana Correia contributed to this piece.</i><!--Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE.--><img alt="The Conversation" height="1" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210137/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" style="border: medium; box-shadow: none; margin: 0px; max-height: 1px; max-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; opacity: 0; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="1" x0jchtqvn="" /><!--End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines--></p>
<p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/louise-dorignon-1447873">Louise Dorignon</a>, Vice-Chancellor Postdoctoral Research Fellow, <i><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></i> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/trivess-moore-12580">Trivess Moore</a>, Senior Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, <i><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></i></span></p>
<p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/building-houses-in-factories-for-the-commonwealth-games-was-meant-to-help-the-housing-crisis-what-now-210137">original article</a>.</p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-43712516258877812472024-01-13T02:07:00.024+11:002024-01-14T13:52:49.518+11:00Nostalgia Attack – Of Stamps and Post Offices<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpjOPZmTx_mlsYl3lsXVVQ8Yk2kv5NkF-YgSVFcjKAAobaH0vXud_zGF1KLRUVLIQryEouNi52kw7d0wZ1a2JJNN2Zq5UkCh-XKLH6xC62kH1yx7FBYNpAh2_o6TggI8YQ2D-ARHOOXSE5IdCI7b8Z7TRmPPNrBXLTlgl1mH42Wh3bmgvTg32/s3582/Cards%20and%20Stamp.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3582" data-original-width="2740" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpjOPZmTx_mlsYl3lsXVVQ8Yk2kv5NkF-YgSVFcjKAAobaH0vXud_zGF1KLRUVLIQryEouNi52kw7d0wZ1a2JJNN2Zq5UkCh-XKLH6xC62kH1yx7FBYNpAh2_o6TggI8YQ2D-ARHOOXSE5IdCI7b8Z7TRmPPNrBXLTlgl1mH42Wh3bmgvTg32/w490-h640/Cards%20and%20Stamp.JPG" width="490" /></a></div>I was putting away the Christmas things when my gaze fell upon an envelope which still had a stamp. They, like greeting cards have become rather rare which is of course much better for trees, emissions and the like, and also much faster, but I was on the point of putting it into the recycling bin when I
remembered how Dad and his father before him, had so carefully removed each and
every stamp for their precious collections. Even my children did a bit of stamp collecting in our pre -TV and Internet days, though none were as passionate about it as my Dad. <br /><p></p><p>When everything came by mail and travel to
exotic places depicted in stamps was also rare, those small squares of brightly
coloured paper gave glimpses of a colourful
and fascinating world beyond, memories of distant friends and the hope that one day in the distant future,
those stamps might yield a small return. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">People queued for hours in anticipation of a new issue
so that they could get those prized First Day Covers. These sometimes became
very valuable and anyone with an interest in stamps, made sure that all letters
were carefully hand -stamped so that important details weren’t lost under blobs of automatically applied ink. For them the Post Office published a regular <i>Stamp
Bulletin</i> advising of new issues. </p><p class="MsoNormal">I was pleased to discover that this still
exists and is still free, though these days it’s digital
and much smaller in scale. See the first one for this year <a href="Stamp Bulletin 387 (australiapostcollectables.com.au)" target="_blank">here.</a> Royal Watchers and Philatelists - people who collect stamps, will no doubt have picked up their First Day Covers commemorating the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/apr/28/royal-mail-issues-four-stamps-mark-king-charles-iii-coronation" target="_blank">Coronation of King Charles</a> or the new set of <a href="https://www.allaboutstamps.co.uk/news/king-charles-iii-stamps-what-we-know-so-far/" target="_blank">Definitive Stamps</a> - the basic everyday stamps which used to bear Queen Elizabeth's portrait, and were issued in April last year. Perhaps they've even acquired Australia Post's King Charles' <a href="https://australiapostcollectables.com.au/stamp-issues/the-kings-birthday" target="_blank">Birthday commemorative</a> stamp issued on November 1, 2023.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_6MilG3q9uHFzy-iwZ2BwagRjltW-SMunc2AuhOz9ReYSuLHdixUbQnQz-N_mGsOwnVJMNEUaEbr1-OCjfMZHmJ96Wu_Ki6cHy3Ks_PPKylIaQaCU5nJrRw1btZizOwFhpVbNWFpRsdZEg2CAoK3LnZSkYooXFO58Z297-5BA-YrfJNDjczSW/s4032/IMG_9936.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_6MilG3q9uHFzy-iwZ2BwagRjltW-SMunc2AuhOz9ReYSuLHdixUbQnQz-N_mGsOwnVJMNEUaEbr1-OCjfMZHmJ96Wu_Ki6cHy3Ks_PPKylIaQaCU5nJrRw1btZizOwFhpVbNWFpRsdZEg2CAoK3LnZSkYooXFO58Z297-5BA-YrfJNDjczSW/w640-h480/IMG_9936.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A new issue</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4gzPNsHyH9HyVWskuXe-H5pgO5KfpOEgL_V9ZrHNgwKJ2dxF45ZAFIyK2NsyFyAa6jOHJZeVKEg16c_1XeLkLs57T-9X0Ld4AAMmRzInfpvp-hUA6wUvLpjR2wWYYXat4DzBwRZhnmvWj_R_pWS6te_6mS-lixW_4IJ9swM09a5nbhI9ITIIE/s4032/IMG_E9901.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4gzPNsHyH9HyVWskuXe-H5pgO5KfpOEgL_V9ZrHNgwKJ2dxF45ZAFIyK2NsyFyAa6jOHJZeVKEg16c_1XeLkLs57T-9X0Ld4AAMmRzInfpvp-hUA6wUvLpjR2wWYYXat4DzBwRZhnmvWj_R_pWS6te_6mS-lixW_4IJ9swM09a5nbhI9ITIIE/w480-h640/IMG_E9901.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">You can probably guess how old this one is by the price of postage<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the 60s Dad worked in the Art Department at what was then
the Post Master General’s Office and may well have designed some of those self
- same stamps. Not long after, in my first real job at a large insurance company, the first task in
the morning was opening the mail - something in which the whole office took part. We too removed every stamp with utmost care and scrutinised it for possible misprints or rarity. Great
was the excitement when someone found one. These were even more valuable than
First Day Covers. I don’t know what happened to those – perhaps the proceeds
were used for the office Christmas party, but I do know that the rest were
bundled up for a charity that benefited the Pacific Islands. It in turn repackaged them and sold them to collectors. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some small nations such as Liberia produced particularly
beautiful stamps and relied almost entirely on revenue from stamp sales for
foreign exchange. Who would have heard of Liberia had it not been for those stamps? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>With colour printing still in its infancy, Australia
was notable for its colourful special edition stamps. They look a bit faded now. I'm not sure if it's because - like the early colour photographs, their colours weren't as fast or because we are now so saturated with colour, they no longer look as impressive. Germany and Belgium were
among countries which issued especially lovely and slightly more expensive
stamps at Christmas so that the extra money could go to charities. Commemorative
stamps were also interesting, because they highlighted important issues, people
or events. <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhngcgXgpLd2GXOl5FL5aV2bP8UE1Zm2bVqXXTZJVlKLS8WTVC-BWf3j2RLpdDJT40k2JJ55gfnp8NTgk7p5iidoE1JquMQpcduFLxW1y3AARu1LLzIAzQpfWYVyEAj-A4QXB7Zvs0-TZ4AvX8cGGLG0Ha3LML8OV4vQIrEDFzdje5bUpUkEIqx/s4032/IMG_9932.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhngcgXgpLd2GXOl5FL5aV2bP8UE1Zm2bVqXXTZJVlKLS8WTVC-BWf3j2RLpdDJT40k2JJ55gfnp8NTgk7p5iidoE1JquMQpcduFLxW1y3AARu1LLzIAzQpfWYVyEAj-A4QXB7Zvs0-TZ4AvX8cGGLG0Ha3LML8OV4vQIrEDFzdje5bUpUkEIqx/w640-h480/IMG_9932.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Day Cover from 1992 - It's a bit messy because it's from one of my sons' childhood collections, as are the stamps below</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6j-GJ12H1PQUqCtI5q6_Xq-IezaWwL1tn-Srr6UuWNLvIAZg9AR6FxBs2fs8HiygqA_jLxSI_b8nFlZSbLUULuct0VhYBzqEbJaNBBzaAIIjRX7UYINU_lf72XceBLKlhBRgE72foqMUPOeI2IHE-Yon1AedR2o3R9L7_qomGKopfr2Dn9P3O/s4032/IMG_9897.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="611" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6j-GJ12H1PQUqCtI5q6_Xq-IezaWwL1tn-Srr6UuWNLvIAZg9AR6FxBs2fs8HiygqA_jLxSI_b8nFlZSbLUULuct0VhYBzqEbJaNBBzaAIIjRX7UYINU_lf72XceBLKlhBRgE72foqMUPOeI2IHE-Yon1AedR2o3R9L7_qomGKopfr2Dn9P3O/w459-h611/IMG_9897.JPG" width="459" /></a></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Christmas cards, letters and stamps are among the many
things which have largely disappeared from our lives in a very short time.
While it’s true that I have been active in their demise. I now send cards only to
those who can’t be contacted otherwise or for whom cards still hold precious
memories, because it means fewer trees must fall, but handwritten greetings reflect
a different and more leisurely time. Gone are the days when I used to pay
all the bills with handwritten cheques and got handwritten receipts in the mail. Multiply that by the entire population and it's little wonder that letter delivery in Australia has fallen by <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-02/review-launched-australia-post-focus-letter-deliveries/102040792" target="_blank">3 billion items</a> a year since their peak in 2008. Now Post Offices themselves have become an endangered species. Deliveries are
less frequent and mail is reserved for important documents. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Not everyone is happy about this of course. Some distrust
or are unable the use electronic banking or social media and <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-05/dramatic-decline-of-australia-posts-letter/102056458" target="_blank">900,000 Australian families</a> still don't have the internet. For them and the
benefit of many of our Post Offices in Australia, making them bank branches as
well has been a great boon, which means that at least some Post Offices can continue to
provide a public service as well as remain financially viable. Many of the remaining post offices have been integrated with newsagencies or other businesses and have become something of a community hub for public notices and the like. Thanks to online shopping, parcel deliveries have also taken up some of the slack, but many fine old Post Offices have ended up looking more like the one below. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio-og_ca370o6XiAQW2EWY6Uqf7co3-zeWhLY59mSQrT7b4MdN0MycJJSa_Wk6-TwBgKZnehd-s7tDsDLDYp5dC9xcIBIkPcsu5TNrMZD_5NrK9QEq59fmCb3uO96whBRI8TToqGMPqjrc2CM16ZaWB9bKsRuLLANHPjkVu6Bsv-BxLmyR4bXF/s3024/IMG_9921.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="3024" height="634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio-og_ca370o6XiAQW2EWY6Uqf7co3-zeWhLY59mSQrT7b4MdN0MycJJSa_Wk6-TwBgKZnehd-s7tDsDLDYp5dC9xcIBIkPcsu5TNrMZD_5NrK9QEq59fmCb3uO96whBRI8TToqGMPqjrc2CM16ZaWB9bKsRuLLANHPjkVu6Bsv-BxLmyR4bXF/w640-h634/IMG_9921.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The
passing of an era? Alas, this is the fate of many a former Post Office.
If you saw it you would notice that the small shops around it have also closed down<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">The USA and no doubt many other countries are currently
facing the same dilemma, yet those who think that Postal Services should be
turning a profit are missing the point. Do parks need to make a profit? No, because everyone recognises the amenity they provide and they may even enhance property values nearby, without generating one cent in revenue. Public Services should not be judged on their cost, but on the benefits they yield. Just
as Public Transport greases the wheels of commerce by bringing people in out of the cities, and whose unit costs fall,
the more people use it, Postal Services also enable other forms of commerce to
thrive. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">I am thinking here of how cheap
postal rates allowed a great variety of small rural enterprises to flourish all over the USA,
such as the</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">‘diaper cakes’ a friend’s wife used to make </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[A Diaper Cake for Aussie readers and
others, is what you might have at what we call a Baby Shower for a girlfriend’s baby] or the heart -shaped rag rugs I used to sell in my shop. T</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">he
margins in such businesses are most likely so small that any increase in mailing costs
would probably finish them off, yet they add to their local economies in
various ways. The Postal Service itself also employs a lot of people
whose wages contribute in small ways and large. They have children. They buy homes and furnishings, groceries, clothes and shoes, and perhaps even go to church. They also pay taxes.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>While I am quite
happy to be doing business electronically, and if there is less mail, then fewer deliveries are OK by me too, it makes me sad to see the passing of a once great
institution - 500 hundred years in the making, and which seemed such a solid and permanent fixture to us and previous generations. I also mourn the loss of some of the stories and traditions around the Postal Service, but we'll leave those for another day and don't get me started on the evils of privatisation! <br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU-I8x5CyBnaV3P8NPiL1GJpjZAOvM9_4t9qkal2kG643OMjEHuvci5R7KH3NQkngU_3utVaLCRI8V3sMUkWxURF0ut5_5VOp3nSKeVqO77SxwISB3SKBApZ7wz4BY-2LT74ynpE9IcUrG779L5VxR-86dpzC7qC-QubLe4hNR8fXxg3U7KjT7/s4032/IMG_9919.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU-I8x5CyBnaV3P8NPiL1GJpjZAOvM9_4t9qkal2kG643OMjEHuvci5R7KH3NQkngU_3utVaLCRI8V3sMUkWxURF0ut5_5VOp3nSKeVqO77SxwISB3SKBApZ7wz4BY-2LT74ynpE9IcUrG779L5VxR-86dpzC7qC-QubLe4hNR8fXxg3U7KjT7/w480-h640/IMG_9919.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This Post office in South Hobart still hand stamps<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">As far as Philately goes, interest may have waned somewhat since it's heyday in the 1950s and 1960s when there were around <a href="https://nationaltoday.com/philatelic-week/" target="_blank">20 million collectors in the USA</a> alone, but it still has its aficionados and <a href="https://nationaltoday.com/philatelic-week/" target="_blank">Stamp Week </a>continues to be held in the last week in November each year, as it has been since 1934. There has also been a bit of a resurgence during the pandemic and among M<a href="Post modern: why millennials have fallen in love with stamp collecting | Stamps | The Guardian" target="_blank">illennials</a> who love the retro vibe of stamps. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So what do I do? Do I save this stamp for the new wave or put
it in with the recycling? Now you know why it takes me so long to finish anything.<br /></p>
</div>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-25796760340816624622024-01-06T15:01:00.069+11:002024-01-06T15:52:21.096+11:00The Hemp House<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFtiwdgvyrY0Vu-b-_naeN7-8asqAGB8psNutamDrNUL4Jjm4XqqW7e1tvGsgnWSEFz14dQ6WCJHbtHF3ETDjFht4jWz9hrEzQtqEmLKummzvdHSs3gHy9TaUt8yJfvABIglJCK0O0uz_DB4mO1D4TnT9e319oQ1W4dJkXQDNGGTqWYn7xzkqv/s3909/P1370851.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2935" data-original-width="3909" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFtiwdgvyrY0Vu-b-_naeN7-8asqAGB8psNutamDrNUL4Jjm4XqqW7e1tvGsgnWSEFz14dQ6WCJHbtHF3ETDjFht4jWz9hrEzQtqEmLKummzvdHSs3gHy9TaUt8yJfvABIglJCK0O0uz_DB4mO1D4TnT9e319oQ1W4dJkXQDNGGTqWYn7xzkqv/w640-h480/P1370851.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Open House at the Hemp House which was extremely popular during Architecture Week</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">Move over Haybales and Mudbrick, there’s a new bio
-building material making its way to a construction site near you. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The
Hemp House is another place I visited during Architecture Week. From the outside it's an attractive, normal looking dwelling, built over two levels and overlooking a beautiful sloping garden. On the inside however, you can see
that some of the unrendered walls are made of a softly textured material not unlike fine cereal or light -coloured wood chips. That material is Hemp hurd,
the residue of specially grown hemp. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This recently rediscovered material which uses only hydraulic lime and water and using new technology, has led to Hemp Houses being built in
several countries including France, the USA and Australia. For a quick rundown of the process and building techniques click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mx7g79Jh66k" target="_blank">here.</a><br /></p>
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</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The Advantages of Hemp</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to discussions
at the Hemp House with Andi Lucas, Hemp Mill Owner and President of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the <a href="https://www.tasmanianhempassociation.org.au/aboutus" target="_blank">Tasmanian Hemp Association,</a> <a href="https://greencamp.com/hemp-houses/" target="_blank">Greencamp</a> and other sources as indicated in
the links, Hemp does have several advantages. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlfjytJzz0z1M6KLFDQMe61b9SFd2_euyNRhDuxTOfCAHhvQq1Rp_k7XEEXCM_1cAYkOigO_XgUaZBteEJujDbyDxgPf4KuftjVdGKHsNQ7mBR4P0QTXgFfa388-N2jPwLWxq-Dpm3Dk53UF3o-NIEbph90SKGJfwd_PoeLZpmCrHe3uDKn2GT/s4032/IMG_9749.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlfjytJzz0z1M6KLFDQMe61b9SFd2_euyNRhDuxTOfCAHhvQq1Rp_k7XEEXCM_1cAYkOigO_XgUaZBteEJujDbyDxgPf4KuftjVdGKHsNQ7mBR4P0QTXgFfa388-N2jPwLWxq-Dpm3Dk53UF3o-NIEbph90SKGJfwd_PoeLZpmCrHe3uDKn2GT/w300-h400/IMG_9749.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(L-R) Sharron,one of the Guides and Hemp House owner, Becky</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Has the potential to become
a low -cost sustainable product which could help to alleviate our housing
shortages. However, growing any kind of Hemp is not legal in this state and
while there are a few experimental crops, there is nowhere near enough material
for home building, which means that those which are, are both expensive and comparatively rare. There are also still very few architects and builders who know how
to work with this material.</p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Has excellent thermal properties and requires practically no heating or cooling </p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4kKxY7KNyw" target="_blank">fire, mould and termite resistant</a>, humidity regulating and a non – toxic, breathable
material </p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g4kKxY7KNyw?si=cAVMWGKHOzg1mIMo" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe> </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"> </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Carbon negative. One of the
benefits of hemp as a building material is that it absorbs four times more
carbon than trees. According to Ana Vasio’s article for <a href="https://greencamp.com/hemp-houses/" target="_blank">Greencamp</a>, 1 cubic
metre of hemp can hold up to 40 kgs of carbon. </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href=" https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2021/1031/1256726-concrete-co2-emitter/" target="_blank">Concrete making </a>by contrast,
remains one our most emission intensive industries, producing around 8% of the
world’s CO2. Some <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>materials used in concrete -making <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>such as the right kind of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMLYLcniXIc" target="_blank">sand</a>, are also in short supply while <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mx7g79Jh66k" target="_blank">steel making</a>, though used for many purposes besides construction, contributes 11% to the World’s carbon emissions. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqscb01aMvdf0GsLSbMyTWLu6egAL5HPsYqyLQ3I_Ec4qYRckrrbG4AVGR6O6mDubOdWMPpf-xPhZ9rQ6YHjbkIcnQDdARhqlY5anrcmXU-lzp_BLsGPUrxbqk4lOgjog6ZJDIONCw2HTPGHsdUyMIDtjRfT4fyJcTiNj_hhkbJCgl_CGnyw-K/s4112/P1370861.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3088" data-original-width="4112" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqscb01aMvdf0GsLSbMyTWLu6egAL5HPsYqyLQ3I_Ec4qYRckrrbG4AVGR6O6mDubOdWMPpf-xPhZ9rQ6YHjbkIcnQDdARhqlY5anrcmXU-lzp_BLsGPUrxbqk4lOgjog6ZJDIONCw2HTPGHsdUyMIDtjRfT4fyJcTiNj_hhkbJCgl_CGnyw-K/w640-h480/P1370861.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Crowds gather in the kitchen to listen to Andi talk about the merits of Hemp and the challenges preventing greater uptake for home building<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: courier;"> </span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbEThWnMrUZSJdbpCJXPVqDtbmnT0EjWgrBxrj75XjjNvKq6arZZNSWxhg9npJiLY4DLzUmLCoTzwedS5OEGwVwscHYX2PAKXnYn6_ttiuHEevYhpbjdztY7KeTNh2iUWqXoJyzws4uZqt8bsARgd8zRjDmUGQ1q_rsHLOkf3URPJnMkFmz5Mc/s4032/IMG_9742.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbEThWnMrUZSJdbpCJXPVqDtbmnT0EjWgrBxrj75XjjNvKq6arZZNSWxhg9npJiLY4DLzUmLCoTzwedS5OEGwVwscHYX2PAKXnYn6_ttiuHEevYhpbjdztY7KeTNh2iUWqXoJyzws4uZqt8bsARgd8zRjDmUGQ1q_rsHLOkf3URPJnMkFmz5Mc/w240-h320/IMG_9742.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hempcrete - the material which is used for building - requires only three simple ingredients - hydraulic lime, water and milled hemp - but also patience and much labour</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sustainability. Although
trees are regarded as a renewable crop, they take a long time to grow and
release stored carbon when cut. By contrast, Hemp can be grown as an annual
crop and what is used in building is usually a byproduct of its use in<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN32y8McS4s " target="_blank"> industrial processes</a>, or for high value products such as medicinal oils, edible seeds, biofuels and fibres
for clothing or insulation. In future it may even be used instead of graphene
in capacitors or in batteries instead of lithium. In the days of of sailing ships vast quantities of hemp were grown for rope and sails. Hemp can be grown
on any type of soil and doesn’t need fertilisers or pesticides to grow. </p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Durability. It is early
days as far as modern hempcrete houses are concerned but if the 6<sup>th</sup>
Century <a href="https://www.thecannachronicles.com/bridge-over-troubled-waters-500-ad/ " target="_blank">Hemp Bridge </a>in France is any guide, well -constructed and well -maintained, hemp houses should grow
stronger as they age and could last for hundreds of years. In modern times, France began to use Hemp to replace wattle and daub in restoring half - timbered houses. Even when Hemp houses are finally demolished, the material in them can be recycled and any remains are fully biodegradable and leave no toxic residue behind. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;"></p><h2 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu90kMpw8K01fFu5XMwhLyjaPBtAVpjd8Qkgzk-N5_IK-k2n36DDM-8x7SUDxkfjY1qUOD6CHgTcgg0_FvPTbzy1_AEb0QsoWM3XyZqAMSvekslZc9qOpq3dqWWq71gQxoAhiloTe8yOHI6Pdc_5D70NJVW2AT5jFzhcX0AISR7tM4SQybfyHO/s4112/P1370852.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3088" data-original-width="4112" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu90kMpw8K01fFu5XMwhLyjaPBtAVpjd8Qkgzk-N5_IK-k2n36DDM-8x7SUDxkfjY1qUOD6CHgTcgg0_FvPTbzy1_AEb0QsoWM3XyZqAMSvekslZc9qOpq3dqWWq71gQxoAhiloTe8yOHI6Pdc_5D70NJVW2AT5jFzhcX0AISR7tM4SQybfyHO/w640-h480/P1370852.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A calm, warm and breathable bedroom. The walls have been lef</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">t</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> natural </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">The Challenges </h3></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">So why isn’t everyone
building with Hemp? While Hemp hurd can be used for roofs, walls and
floors, it doesn’t have the load -bearing strength of traditional
materials, so framing must generally still be done using wood or steel.
However, this is changing (see the exceptions below), and it is still
far less than in conventional construction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> Cost remains a barrier while production volumes and supplies remain small. There are also still few experienced architects and builders to take on such projects and the labour -intensive
nature of on -site mixing and construction means that it still costs 20 - 30% more to build with Hemp. However, many of these things could
change as hemp becomes more popular for all sorts of reasons and pre -fabrication comes into the field. See
for example the <a href="https://youtu.be/eqLXXjvQXgI?si=4mnt_aC3m9jwLopk" target="_blank">Lego -style blocks</a> which lock together and provide additional structural strength as well as not
needing long periods of drying time. See also the <a href="https://www.dezeen.com/2023/01/06/hemp-hempcrete-buildings-architecture/#" target="_blank">Flat House </a>in the UK
constructed of pre- formed panels and completed in just two days. </div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although the Hemp used in construction is not the mind -altering
kind and has less than 0.3% THC -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
active ingredient in cannabis, which has around 15%, its association with drug
use has tarnished its reputation and keeps it illegal in many states. Governments and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>local councils are still very
conservative about new materials, especially one as controversial as Hemp. They
may also be heavily influenced by existing building industry players. As far as growing hemp goes Hemp has difficulty competing with other crops when many of them are subsidised, as you’ll
see in the following clips. </p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oKsi8fMH86g?si=Ce39xCqAsii_uucL" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/adICAXhtUFs?si=9WlSIaJMdkAcs69x" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoListParagraph">One thing is certain. We'll be hearing a lot more about Hemp in the future and not just in home building. </p><p class="MsoListParagraph">For more examples of Hemp Houses, click<a href="https://www.hempbuildmag.com/home/3-hemp-houses" target="_blank"> here.</a> <br /></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Segoe UI",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"></span></p>
<br /></div>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-40815940670430627022023-12-31T21:54:00.001+11:002024-01-01T00:56:28.923+11:00Here's Hoping for a Much Happier 2024<p> <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQHvJzqcFfTQ6NN8mJbnHYyEVn6qdcQmMsgra4XLEKKxyvZ32GnIIU00GbqKyCLfTR7wj0ED3g3gIxOv1lkFGPVlmTvQCATaqm-sZFx2CNfmHPOHFZxOQXJUTIyP_YUDN1oGytVBbOsEguhmpxh8nT3Ik3D_2vc4PhrAgXQ_-DEXOmSwo1ErtW/s1024/OIG%20(4).jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQHvJzqcFfTQ6NN8mJbnHYyEVn6qdcQmMsgra4XLEKKxyvZ32GnIIU00GbqKyCLfTR7wj0ED3g3gIxOv1lkFGPVlmTvQCATaqm-sZFx2CNfmHPOHFZxOQXJUTIyP_YUDN1oGytVBbOsEguhmpxh8nT3Ik3D_2vc4PhrAgXQ_-DEXOmSwo1ErtW/w640-h640/OIG%20(4).jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This image has been generated entirely by Microsoft Bing AI [Sorry folks, just can't help myself!]<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-86143805750569958582023-12-28T09:55:00.002+11:002023-12-28T10:01:02.785+11:00Takara Limuna - The Sheoak Walk- A Cultural Landscape <p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXPzNx5hUhxtmQ_Ryhyphenhypheng41weYZYQJna1ZT4siOIQVGqWy6pVjJP0wrkHvuEH6AaBvYljAH9BYOt2MSEiysClCChkNMeFqhknRgtv1NDEwu3Wq_tuyPvkKyda8CjkiEFvj3YoXvpLgLBws-ajVu0mV6A7dI88lEEGWSKSyeJSLv9cpvnyDgYcyQ/s4032/IMG_9620.JPG"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXPzNx5hUhxtmQ_Ryhyphenhypheng41weYZYQJna1ZT4siOIQVGqWy6pVjJP0wrkHvuEH6AaBvYljAH9BYOt2MSEiysClCChkNMeFqhknRgtv1NDEwu3Wq_tuyPvkKyda8CjkiEFvj3YoXvpLgLBws-ajVu0mV6A7dI88lEEGWSKSyeJSLv9cpvnyDgYcyQ/w480-h640/IMG_9620.JPG" width="480" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">There’s a peaceful place across the river from Hobart’s busy CBD which can take you back a century or three.
Read the beautifully crafted signs along this Short Walk or sit a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>while in the stone circle at the end and you
can imagine what it may have been like before Europeans came.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2QGpM8D2TBktJ1UieSE4kzB7dAuETkN2JM1EB5GVn6sw1mtIGjPtgXjX2Zwm9f-XU_lnZLBRUrOq9x-g7ItqjmMSjqgu0NXc6ORXyO3xtXd8B72x5BGsDIqBkZO82idQDp1hRAjVZe9VvoU8vC9dexNQfG1xYQVdnGzvZzko9syrc-r986zvQ/s3024/IMG_9619.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2947" data-original-width="3024" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2QGpM8D2TBktJ1UieSE4kzB7dAuETkN2JM1EB5GVn6sw1mtIGjPtgXjX2Zwm9f-XU_lnZLBRUrOq9x-g7ItqjmMSjqgu0NXc6ORXyO3xtXd8B72x5BGsDIqBkZO82idQDp1hRAjVZe9VvoU8vC9dexNQfG1xYQVdnGzvZzko9syrc-r986zvQ/w640-h624/IMG_9619.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The limuna Sheoaks are only found in this area<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The largest, densest Sheoaks I have ever seen grow here and
you can imagine them being used for shelter. Women would have been gathering roots or weaving baskets from the grasses while the men hunted game or crafted
tools for the purpose. Mussels and other shellfish were abundant in
the sheltered cove behind this promontory so before the arrival of Europeans, this
was also the place where the Mumirimina people gathered to relax, celebrate and share their stories.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv0sOOvsx5Z_AGaGain-fnNt_AJ2Ut4JA0NQLS5fm07rYjcaBWXoFWi9_VPTU1WrrY6XvUdMis8aFv7JDb8qXLIM0jLqNavOcH7PinGIDdzKOBp8S379S-crNU0Bo3sn4iR9oAe99zsAauEg_bo76a4RT8jJHpEcQszttUG2q1HHbk7zyvPJ2o/s4032/IMG_9626.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv0sOOvsx5Z_AGaGain-fnNt_AJ2Ut4JA0NQLS5fm07rYjcaBWXoFWi9_VPTU1WrrY6XvUdMis8aFv7JDb8qXLIM0jLqNavOcH7PinGIDdzKOBp8S379S-crNU0Bo3sn4iR9oAe99zsAauEg_bo76a4RT8jJHpEcQszttUG2q1HHbk7zyvPJ2o/w480-h640/IMG_9626.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Finely crafted signs tell the story of the first inhabitants<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Unfortunately, the sheltered cove was also attractive to Lieutenant
-Governor Bowen, who’d been sent to Tasmania by the Governor of N.S.W. to
establish a colony there in 1803, to stop the French from seizing it. With him
were 21 convicts, some members of the New South Wales Corp and some free
settlers – a total of 49 people in all. At first relations between the original
inhabitants and the newcomers were cordial enough and Bowen went to great pains
to keep it so, but in his absence a skirmish broke out between settlers and
Aboriginal People and panicked soldiers opened fire, leading to the first known
massacre of Aboriginal People. Risdon Cove as the site is known to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Europeans, has since been returned to
Aboriginal ownership and boasts a fine Aboriginal Children’s Centre along with
a memorial.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bowen’s settlement did not fare well either. It lacked good soil
and sufficient water to grow European crops. In 1804, while Bowen was briefly recalled to
New South Wales, Lieutenant Governor Collins, who’d been sent by the British Crown to
establish a colony where Melbourne now stands, but had not found the area to his liking, decided to establish one on the Western
bank of the Derwent instead. This rival settelement then became the City of Hobart. <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8wp8_dSPZjp_ZirAyDZLZPvt_smM5-xpCGKDe3fHv8kbbrq6tWpTRNzyhluwMCAA2WFqu4arIW7dS-LLnNeWj5ucGmyPVwL5pES8bFYajNajWdp7tTVD6xQiKwXg7GNdiEQrmFUN278Z9Bk-hlYMOHWS5tL31_h-Gvrw-DoQsK7l3dQZ1wXiA/s4032/IMG_9622.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8wp8_dSPZjp_ZirAyDZLZPvt_smM5-xpCGKDe3fHv8kbbrq6tWpTRNzyhluwMCAA2WFqu4arIW7dS-LLnNeWj5ucGmyPVwL5pES8bFYajNajWdp7tTVD6xQiKwXg7GNdiEQrmFUN278Z9Bk-hlYMOHWS5tL31_h-Gvrw-DoQsK7l3dQZ1wXiA/w480-h640/IMG_9622.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">They also tell of loss and dispossession<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By 1820, the Mumirimina people had been decimated or had fled
into neighbouring territories. A few were rounded up by George Augustus Robinson,
who sought to protect the remaining Aboriginal people by taking them to
Flinders Island. Here most died of disease or homesickness. As the signage recounts, Aboriginal People are part of the land and their land is part of them. Even now Aboriginal People suffer greatly when separated from their ancestral lands. "Milathina Pakana waranta Pakana milaythina, says the sign. It means "We are Country and the Country is us." </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUU0Yc3k25NDnjoCFwKVJfQ6dPdQ-Ognqqu1ro64BwtVCrFNXoUz81UuRKU1RRB38fCTKW8cx3PM1fAzoyYhuZoOwCNID7YoNkHnaJwd6FNYhZTtpgoaJLO5dgyYMwO98KbzOMzglfUc3HbP1jyzuzp_PjctDyhf0YCyARQ9CfAge9M8s5gzu/s4032/IMG_9641.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUU0Yc3k25NDnjoCFwKVJfQ6dPdQ-Ognqqu1ro64BwtVCrFNXoUz81UuRKU1RRB38fCTKW8cx3PM1fAzoyYhuZoOwCNID7YoNkHnaJwd6FNYhZTtpgoaJLO5dgyYMwO98KbzOMzglfUc3HbP1jyzuzp_PjctDyhf0YCyARQ9CfAge9M8s5gzu/w480-h640/IMG_9641.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The spirit of the Mumirimina remains strong here</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"> In schools in the 1950s and 1960s, Australians were still being taught that all
Tasmanian Aboriginal People had died out. People with Aboriginal Heritage did not speak
out for fear of being
ostracised, and there was little evidence obvious to European eyes of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">this </span>unique culture which has survived in this
vastly different country for the past 60,000 years. Only in the last two decades has the breadth of Aboriginal knowledge, especially
with respect to culture and land management started to be appreciated. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Despite the horrors of the past and continuing injustices,
the atmosphere here is serene and peaceful. The city sounds fade away and you no longer
see the factory belching away across the river. Wait long enough and you can
almost hear children laughing or an elder passing on stories.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAn1cDP8dkd-1cPOmVdfwJ4_SmEFic73twhFYG6tGUJRYvmc5Lbl_IANHwCF0fDe7sCctZ-v7-iUlpOwn3WJ4Y_71p2Ym1obMogbEuki6Jm6rNnLyio3o3OjOq_XOtP0ZZXKaqa6tXUNhFwv4Xex6OTG0cbDqUzTsAge83mQG7Kx4tMyGUB3-p/s4032/IMG_9625.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAn1cDP8dkd-1cPOmVdfwJ4_SmEFic73twhFYG6tGUJRYvmc5Lbl_IANHwCF0fDe7sCctZ-v7-iUlpOwn3WJ4Y_71p2Ym1obMogbEuki6Jm6rNnLyio3o3OjOq_XOtP0ZZXKaqa6tXUNhFwv4Xex6OTG0cbDqUzTsAge83mQG7Kx4tMyGUB3-p/w480-h640/IMG_9625.JPG" width="480" /></a></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You’ll notice that dual signage is being used in many
important locations in Tasmania now. Kunanyi, for example, is the Aboriginal name
for Mt. Wellington and now appears before it on signboards. This was the result
of an <a href="https://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cpp/aboriginal-partnerships/aboriginal-and-dual-naming-policy " target="_blank">Act of the State Parliament of Tasmania</a> in 2020. So far 44 names have been formally acknowledged, but the process is ongoing and others are being used more frequently. The Aboriginal name
for Hobart for instance, is nipaluna, which is sometimes used in news and weather segments on television. The Aboriginal name for the Derwent River is timtumli minanya and the name for Tasmania itself is lutruwita. Name changes have
also occurred in other parts of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Australia – for example Uluru, the monolith in
the Centre of Australia which is sacred to Aboriginal People, has long reverted
to this name rather than being called Ayers Rock as Europeans named it. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Spelling varies as Aboriginal languages were oral, not
written and differed between tribes. According to The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander website, there were 8- 16 different <a href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia" target="_blank">language groups</a> in Tasmania and over 250 in Australia. However, most of these have disappeared
with colonisation along with any records, so Palawa kani which is spoken in Tasmania today, is a reconstruction based on several of these languages. Traditional languages are also being revived and taught in other parts of Australia. Read more <a href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore" target="_blank">here</a>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Although the recent referendum which was to give Aboriginal
People Constitutional recognition – long overdue, and a Voice to Parliament - a
say in all matters affecting them, failed, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this is at least one form of acknowledgement
and recognition. It is also a way of keeping Aboriginal culture alive and making it
tangible to non -indigenous people. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO-2L6TITcNYa0FZ-vOmIBg7ulMBUu0jOHs1ewD6HqV0wz3-fMIYLUVFCHTtxsVub9cXfaZNp_S4Vs8nenyS4e_TcyC6bCoM6DeZsOz1z5BbistRls6uCdTSv6T43qZ7KsM65WS5wArajFhE4L4u7KsEnMxaaGoA7azONyjthCfArjwpyastUA/s4032/IMG_9640%5B1%5D.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO-2L6TITcNYa0FZ-vOmIBg7ulMBUu0jOHs1ewD6HqV0wz3-fMIYLUVFCHTtxsVub9cXfaZNp_S4Vs8nenyS4e_TcyC6bCoM6DeZsOz1z5BbistRls6uCdTSv6T43qZ7KsM65WS5wArajFhE4L4u7KsEnMxaaGoA7azONyjthCfArjwpyastUA/w480-h640/IMG_9640%5B1%5D.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">There are unusual Eucalypts here too. Storm tortured they may be, but their spirit also remains strong</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">NB: Do <b>not </b>follow Google Maps to this location. If leaving from the City, follow the A3 North along the Derwent towards the Bridge, cross it and keep left in the Lindisfarne lane. This takes you to the East Derwent Highway (B32) and on to Geilston Bay. You can trust Google up to here, but as soon as you pass the school, TURN LEFT at Geilston Bay Road and head towards Geilston Bay Boat Club. At the end of this there is a small parking area where the track starts. Driving there takes around 20 minutes and the walk is a gentle 1.7 km or 60 minutes return. Cycling and Dogs on leads are allowed. The firepit may not be used by non -Aboriginal people. There are picnic tables and barbecues across a footbridge opposite the parking area. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Speaking of cycling, there's a nice easy dedicated bike/walking track which starts at the Domain in Hobart -just past the Port area in the City, and goes across the Bridge and all the way along the foreshore to Geilston Bay without having to deal with the traffic. According to Google, cycling takes 58 minutes on a good day whereas a buses 601, 624 0r 655 and 684 take between an hour and a half to an hour and 50 minutes. Catch them at the City Interchange near the main Post Office.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-39566847557440523222023-12-22T02:59:00.004+11:002023-12-23T06:52:01.345+11:00Christmas Thoughts<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJDMURnnQWIUxchElywU53etZBpuhtyfUEaGz5lBuJl4d_IoAj3UFEndGRmblEUxMwjz9rr2nlPoHeIeqvhT7XnLDdsryXGkspZmhxa8FwvGZGJvt5VjggNxKMG5al2zX05myKW1y3j424zBy-nrU8A-nGjy56mnWPluxLXV3qziQAIyU6TjI/s1024/In%20%20Despair.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1024" height="668" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJDMURnnQWIUxchElywU53etZBpuhtyfUEaGz5lBuJl4d_IoAj3UFEndGRmblEUxMwjz9rr2nlPoHeIeqvhT7XnLDdsryXGkspZmhxa8FwvGZGJvt5VjggNxKMG5al2zX05myKW1y3j424zBy-nrU8A-nGjy56mnWPluxLXV3qziQAIyU6TjI/w730-h668/In%20%20Despair.jpg" width="730" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">Image created with assistance from Bing AI<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit;">"In the vast Emptiness
of Despair, remember that even the Darkest Night has Stars. When all Hope seems
lost, look within, for resilience resides in the human spirit’s quiet
defiance against the Shadows." </span></i></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">-Ogharaboy</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">May you have a peaceful and joyful Christmas. Our thoughts are especially with those in need, those who are battling natural disasters, those in war zones and those falsely accused or unjustly detained. <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"> </span></p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-29923576048398024862023-12-18T09:49:00.209+11:002023-12-22T14:41:30.913+11:00Noise Polluton - Its Effects and what we can do about it<div><p> </p></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsVaeg2w5hEDM8vrraTMNk_n5KdwN1hTKWfGrWHhiQw1HCyqgYtU8QJtQZGqDmI_FJPilgFeXgzBOEy30fBP5_AqrzpyQ6B30Yhr99vMJF_vfDLKEvB2wwfiDIZ0kaf3RO9n2qNlG_j9eSmf6TAmALXgoVxwMLuo_OZRg_0qdIfAk3iBklbUfn/s1024/_859bc899-ac21-49ab-b650-6c12242ae314.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsVaeg2w5hEDM8vrraTMNk_n5KdwN1hTKWfGrWHhiQw1HCyqgYtU8QJtQZGqDmI_FJPilgFeXgzBOEy30fBP5_AqrzpyQ6B30Yhr99vMJF_vfDLKEvB2wwfiDIZ0kaf3RO9n2qNlG_j9eSmf6TAmALXgoVxwMLuo_OZRg_0qdIfAk3iBklbUfn/w640-h640/_859bc899-ac21-49ab-b650-6c12242ae314.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Noise Pollution - Image created with assistance from Microsoft Bing AI <br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"> While we are on the subject of sensory overload, let’s also
talk about noise. If you thought it was hard to find light free zones in modern
life, wait till you find out how hard it is to find quiet places. Places where only natural sounds abound are becoming scarce in our own lifetime. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Too much
sound, persistent or the wrong sounds can be just as <a href="https://noiseproject.org/the-medical-effects-of-noise-pollution/#:~:text=Starting%20at%2050%20decibels%2C%20each%2010" target="_blank">damaging to our health</a> and
that of other species as too much light or the wrong type of light. Below is a summary of the European Environment Agency's findings. See their full report<a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals-archived/signals-2020/infographics/noise-pollution/view" target="_blank"> here.</a> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivCLqVGz7jVymq9N3fOsl-6h9cyKLKv-8CVXP2AuK5djKTaJBaiAFGPnkA6LSz2yb5az-Hd-eHynipewKNg6vVI9gA_dU9t00vyW_JROkNgJeo8h4E9_R1cJukHBc4cH89r6axDC8KA2tQudEtfEkFPyy-hYy5ECwgJ8NQpvDYEgRIsJmcurJU/s1977/Noise%20image.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1977" data-original-width="1402" height="747" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivCLqVGz7jVymq9N3fOsl-6h9cyKLKv-8CVXP2AuK5djKTaJBaiAFGPnkA6LSz2yb5az-Hd-eHynipewKNg6vVI9gA_dU9t00vyW_JROkNgJeo8h4E9_R1cJukHBc4cH89r6axDC8KA2tQudEtfEkFPyy-hYy5ECwgJ8NQpvDYEgRIsJmcurJU/w530-h747/Noise%20image.png" width="530" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Inforgraphic is courtesy of the <a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals-archived/signals-2020/infographics/noise-pollution/view" target="_blank">European Environment Agency</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />There is also the risk of hearing loss. Sudden <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss" target="_blank">noise above 120 decibels </a>(dB)
such as emergency vehicles, a gunshot or jet engines can cause
permanent hearing loss as can lower but constant noise levels. <a href="https://hearinghealthfoundation.org/preventing-hearing-loss" target="_blank">Twenty -four per cent of Americans</a> between 20 and 69, have some degree of hearing loss and it's even higher for those aged 12 -19<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><p></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="326" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5jfmzufa8qo" title="Noise Pollution Is Much Worse For You Than You Think" width="580"></iframe></div> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><div style="text-align: center;"></div>
<h2>How to protect ourselves from excessive noise</h2><div style="text-align: left;"></div><h2></h2>
<h3></h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal">As the above video and the US <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hearing_loss/how_do_i_prevent_hearing_loss.html" target="_blank">Centre for Disease Control (CDC)</a> tell us, if we can't avoid noisy places, we should wear protective gear such as earmuffs, noise cancelling headphones or
earplugs. It is especially important when using power tools, mowers or construction equipment or going to a loud rock concert. The CDC recommends keeping earplugs handy - in your pocket, in your car or in your workshop. </li><li class="MsoNormal">Turn down the volume on TVs, Radios and Music players. You can also check the Audio levels and Exposure Times on your phone and also those used by children. On the iPhone I have, this is listed under Health. I have only just discovered this feature and haven't explored it yet, but it looks like you can also measure ambient sound. Keep children away from loud noise, loud music or equipment </li><li class="MsoNormal">Have hearing tested regularly </li><li class="MsoNormal">Use quieter products. A <a href="https://soundproof.expert/quietest-leaf-blowers/" target="_blank">battery electric leaf blower</a> for example, is generally quieter than a petrol driven one. With vacuum cleaners clocking in at 70 dB, perhaps it's time our appliances also carried noise ratings just as they now do for energy use. <br /></li><li class="MsoNormal">Within the home, wall insulation, the use of sound dampening
materials such as cork, rubber or carpet on floors and double glazing or heavy drapes on windows, will all help to minimise unwanted sound. </li><li class="MsoNormal">Hedges, dense shrubs or baffles between
you and a regular source of noise such as a highway or a railway line can also
help to absorb or deflect sound. </li><li class="MsoNormal">According to <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss" target="_blank">Healthline</a>, rock concerts come in at around 110 dB, sporting events, nightclubs and video arcades are also likely to come in above 85 dB, the threshold where hearing loss starts to occur. <a href="https://hearinghealthfoundation.org/preventing-hearing-loss" target="_blank">The Hearing Health Foundation</a> fears that there is already an epidemic of hearing loss among young people and has a special message for them in the video at the end of this section. Note the importance of hearing breaks even if listening at home.<br /></li><li class="MsoNormal">Occupational exposure is another high risk category. Constant exposure to even lower levels of noise can also contribute to hearing loss. The <a href="https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c907c01488ce4755JmltdHM9MTcwMzAzMDQwMCZpZ3VpZD0wNGI0MDQ1NS1iYTFlLTYyMDItMDNmMC0wYmJkYmI5NzYzMTgmaW5zaWQ9NTE4OA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=04b40455-ba1e-6202-03f0-0bbdbb976318&psq=https%3a%2f%2fwww.safeworkaustralia.gov.au%2fsites%2fdefault%2ffiles%2f2020-07%2fmodel_code_of_practice_managing_noise_and_preventing_hearing_loss_at_work.pdf&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2FmZXdvcmthdXN0cmFsaWEuZ292LmF1L3NpdGVzL2RlZmF1bHQvZmlsZXMvMjAyMC0wNy9tb2RlbF9jb2RlX29mX3ByYWN0aWNlX21hbmFnaW5nX25vaXNlX2FuZF9wcmV2ZW50aW5nX2hlYXJpbmdfbG9zc19hdF93b3JrLnBkZj9yZWY9aGVhbHRoYW5kc2FmZXR5aGFuZGJvb2suY29tLmF1&ntb=1" target="_blank">Australian Health and Safety Code of Practice </a>outlines the responsibilities of employers and some ways in which impacts can be reduced. <br /></li></ol><h2 style="text-align: left;"> <iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cyh8c7M7rn4?si=Oa9H_GPRv2GCJc5z&start=4" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><br />Government Responses <br /></h2><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">In Australia, the Federal Environmental Protection Act sets allowable
noise limits for everything from air conditioners to industrial and construction sites,
and how loud night time entertainment can be. They are enforced through a variety of state and local laws and occupational health and safety regulations. However, monitoring and prosecutions are rare unless complaints are made. It’s a good idea to get to know which laws
exist in your community and whom to contact if you have a noise problem.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Our
local council bylaws for instance, forbid the use of mowers and power tools between 7 p.m.
and 7 a.m. on weekdays and they may not be used until till 9 a.m. on Saturdays and 10
a.m. on Sundays. Drivers who rev their cars unnecessarily are likely to receive fines and demerits on their licence and those who have
noisy exhausts not only attract traffic fines, but may be taken off the road by police
until remedial work has been carried out. Reduced speed limits on residential
streets and traffic calming measures such as roundabouts, are doing much to quieten neighbourhoods. I also notice that many more residential areas are excluding through traffic. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals-archived/signals-2020/infographics/noise-pollution/view" target="_blank">The European Environment Agency</a> which regards noise as " the second biggest environmental health threat after air pollution," recently issued a new Directive about noise as part of it's Zero Pollution by 2030 Plan. Having identified transport as a major contributor, it has set out a number of recommendations. These include:<br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Legislating the use of quieter tyres, low noise road surfaces and lower speed limits. Wider uptake of EVs should also greatly reduce traffic noise.<br /></li><li>For railways, it is mandating the use of quieter and smoother rails, quieter wagons, use of low noise tracks near residential areas and improved maintenance. </li><li>With respect to aircraft noise, the use of quieter planes is being encouraged along with quieter take - off and landing procedures. "Noiseless by design" technologies and products are also being encouraged through the use of various incentives. <br /></li></ul></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">New York has taken a different approach by having Citizen Scientists regularly report on noise levels in their area. This provides
baselines to indicate if levels are increasing or decreasing, which areas need more attention and whether action
taken has had any effect. The video below explains this more fully. Note also other mitigation measures such as putting rubber tyres on subway trains and using directional sound output on emergency vehicles so that they only alert other road users, not the whole neighbourhood. <br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Oz_o1diDMDc?si=NlTe_6ikHMnT4Vi0" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://noiseproject.org/resources/" target="_blank">The Noise Project</a> is also run by volunteers and funded by the US Science Foundation. It operates in marginalised communities in the USA gathering data on noise, establishing quiet spaces and educating the public about
the problem of noise pollution. It conducts surveys and produces flyers and
educational materials. Although this currently operates only in the USA, it
is a model which could easily be adapted by other communities around the world.
</div><h2 style="text-align: left;">Noise and Nature </h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Unsurprisingly, noise is also <a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals-archived/signals-2020/articles/noise-pollution-is-still-widespread" target="_blank">bad for wildlife</a>. While society has known about the
effects of noise on humans for some time, the impact <a href="https://silencewiki.com/living/the-impact-of-noise-pollution-on-wildlife-and-ecosystems" target="_blank">on wildlife and wild places</a> is only now beginning to emerge. The <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fsilencewiki.com%2F&source_ve_path=MzY4NDIsMzY4NDIsMzY4NDIsMzY4NDIsMjg2NjQsMjg2NjQsMTY0NTA2&v=Is_5X2z2b0k" target="_blank">New Yorker</a> has an excellent video on this. A 2017 study by researchers at Colorado State University found
that noise pollution from roads, air traffic, logging, mining and settlements – affected the the whole country including designated
wilderness and protected areas. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Noise has been shown to mask, inhibit or alter the mating
sounds of birds for instance, or prey animals which rely on their acute hearing
to evade predators, may not notice them if there is extraneous noise. Other creatures such as crickets
and frogs <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-which are hypersensitive to
noise, are especially vulnerable. See this <a href="https://silencewiki.com/living/the-impact-of-noise-pollution-on-wildlife-and-ecosystems/ " target="_blank">Wiki </a> article or the <a href="https://www.noisemonitoringservices.com/the-effects-of-noise-pollution-on-wildlife/" target="_blank">Noise Monitoring Service</a> for more. The <a href="https://environmentalevidencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13750-020-00202-y#Sec42" target="_blank">Biomed Journal</a> has a more scholarly version.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Marine Noise Pollution</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The impact on the underwater world is also only just being
recognised with <a href=" https://www.greenpeace.org.au/news/woodsides-seismic-blasting-plans-threaten-to-disrupt-whale-migration-superhighway/" target="_blank">Greenpeace</a>
currently running a campaign to prevent underwater
seismic blasting for offshore gas wells off the coast of Western
Australia. Noise from shipping, fishing, military activity, pile driving for oil platforms and wind turbines, all contribute,
drowning out the natural signals on which many marine creatures rely.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BzPlL4bkRZk?si=fAsSv7k1hxySN2be" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">It is thought that recent mass whale strandings
have a great deal to do with an increase in underwater noise. For a
video on how it specifically affects whales and dolphins, click <a href="https://youtu.be/t0DHEldqfIc?si=UmYpQj5BDtnOhYGQ" target="_blank">here.</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Among
the remedies to counter marine noise pollution, we see the usual
strategies - better, quieter propeller design, slower speeds and the
creation of protected Marine areas where fishing will be limited, deep
sea mining will subject to strong environmental regulation and pollution
will be strictly controlled. The Historic <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64815782" target="_blank">High Seas Treaty</a> agreed to in March this year, promises to put 30% of the ocean into protected areas. Currently only 1.5% is protected. </p><h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">Quiet Places</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">As far as terrestrial creatures go, the <a href="https://www.quietparks.org/quiet-places" target="_blank">Quiet Parks Movement</a> is taking off just as Dark Sky Zones are and they often overlap.They grew out of the concern expressed by Gordon Hempton in his book <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6192324-one-square-inch-of-silence" target="_blank">"One Square Inch of Silence"</a> A musician and conservationist, he began recording nature sounds in the Ho Rainforest in Washington State's Olympic National Park in 2005. You can listen to his story below and read more <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fp-8UEtpffQ" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jAgCeyW8iTA?si=P1v2zCmpYswUIB69" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Now there are Quiet Parks in many countries. There are several types of public quiet place awards including the following. </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal">Wilderness Quiet Parks</li><li class="MsoNormal">Urban Quiet Parks - Stockholm has a large number of these</li><li class="MsoNormal">Quiet Conservation Areas </li><li class="MsoNormal">Quiet Trails and coming soon.... <br /></li><li class="MsoNormal">Quiet Marine Parks - this means no motor boats and only limited fishing</li><li class="MsoNormal">Quiet Private places such as accommodation providers may also apply for certification.<div style="margin-left: 40px;"></div><p></p></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Check the map <a href="https://www.quietparks.org/quiet-places" target="_blank">here</a> to see if there are any near you. [If the map doesn't open, try Google or Microsoft Edge].<span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> Contact <a href=" https://www.quietparks.org/quiet-places" target="_blank">Quiet Parks International</a> if you would like to nominate a place or would like </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">help in creating or managing them. For more places to find beauty and stillness see the Lonely Planet Article <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/international-quiet-parks-for-peace-and-quiet">"Best
places in the world to find silence</a>" or Angela Nelson's <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/quietest-places-earth-4869085" target="_blank">"10 Quietest Places on Earth."</a> <a href="https://www.cirrusresearch.co.uk/blog/2021/09/top-ten-quietest-places-earth/" target="_blank">Cirrus Research </a>(UK) also has a Top 10 along with a list of the world's quietest cities. Don't despair if you can't make it to the far side of the world, there are also virtual </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.quietparks.org/quiet-experiences" target="_blank">quiet experiences</a> which you can enjoy at home.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;">You could also restore your spirits and revitalise your senses with the ancient <span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Japanese
Art of <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/forest-bathing-nature-walk-health" target="_blank">Forest Bathing</a><i>. Shinrin – Yoku</i>
washes away stress and heals with silence, subtle scents and the oils exuded by
aromatic plants. Click <a href="https://www.japan.travel/en/guide/forest-bathing/" target="_blank">here</a> </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">f</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">or a list of
destinations in Japan.</span></p>To finish this topic listen also to Sound Recordist, Bernie Krause talking about what extinction sounds like <span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://youtu.be/KnpsMG0PWRY?si=6n6RyOl_XE-yjP7l" target="_blank">here.</a></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><br /></div><br />Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-33364941488760748742023-12-13T02:48:00.098+11:002024-01-06T15:01:11.736+11:00Let there be (Less) Light - Great Things to do under Dark Skies<div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFPF1AghzH0Z5D25k030LBl3JFV0cohqGbJKo451OoOl8bpnDTQTHThvGi4fXb6iGB3nm-pMUEx-cugaNZsHHFOwReF35nqW-d5XYp1DhGcxug3G4AeAEtsohcNM3yD-edLul2pBilxzdeoktUxDsWf55veGM6VYCjbHTg4J7-L2rXV1PrmN9R/s640/mountains-8031511_640.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFPF1AghzH0Z5D25k030LBl3JFV0cohqGbJKo451OoOl8bpnDTQTHThvGi4fXb6iGB3nm-pMUEx-cugaNZsHHFOwReF35nqW-d5XYp1DhGcxug3G4AeAEtsohcNM3yD-edLul2pBilxzdeoktUxDsWf55veGM6VYCjbHTg4J7-L2rXV1PrmN9R/w640-h428/mountains-8031511_640.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">-Image by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/kanenori-4749850/?utm_source=link-attribution&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=image&utm_content=8386504" target="_blank">Kanenori</a> per <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=image&utm_content=8386504" target="_blank">Pixabay</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: right;"> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> I know what you're thinking. Though I've always found full moons and starry nights very romantic, there isn't much evidence that Dark Skies influence human
mating behaviour. One <a href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/51/4/1477/169513/Power-Outages-Power-Externalities-and-Baby-Booms" target="_blank">African study</a> did find a link between power outages and baby booms, but this was thought to be due to that fact that people couldn't engage in their usual activities, rather than because the lights were out. That's not to say you shouldn't try it. Here are some other things which you can do. </div><div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Astrotourism</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to Lonely Planet, the biggest new tourism trend in
2019 was Astrotourism. Many people just love the stillness and to enjoy the
full expanse of sky, but Astrotourism is also popular among Astrophotographers
and of course amateur and professional Astronomers. Just sleeping under the
stars is wonderfully relaxing.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://darksky.org/what-we-do/international-dark-sky-places/all-places/?_select_a_place_type=international-dark-sky-reserve" target="_blank">The DarkSky International Organisation</a> which began in the US in 1988,
now<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has branches and internationally recognised reserves in 22
countries and on six continents. The USA has no less than 134. Europe has 46
which doesn’t seem many, considering the number of countries. Perhaps the
Scandinavians get enough Dark Nights, with their six months of Midnight Sun and six months of Darkness.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The UK which had Europe's first Dark Sky Reserve at Exmoor National Park, now has 18. Exmoor offers a range of <a href="https://www.wildaboutexmoor.com/stargazing-and-night-sky/" target="_blank">activities and services</a> including a discovery trail, a stargazing website with free starguides
and tips, astrophotography courses, telescope hire and Dark Sky friendly
businesses. Both <a href="https://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/enjoying/stargazing" target="_blank">Exmoor </a>National Park in the UK and <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/dark-sky-reserves-4858525" target="_blank">Breton Beacons</a> in Wales hold Annual Dark Sky Festivals.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Other Countries mentioned on the International Dark Sky website include Japan, The Middle East, Taiwan, South Africa and Namibia, Chile and Brazil, Mexico, Canada and South Korea. <a href="https://www.veronikawild.com/2019/11/franz-joseph-to-arthurs-pass-and-lake.html" target="_blank">New Zealand</a> where I first encountered a Dark Sky Reserve,
now has five and plans to become the world's first <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/new-zealand-dark-sky-nation-6836341" target="_blank">Dark Sky Nation.</a> Australia has four, though I am not sure how up to date these figures
are since Canada is shown as having six, when the Let’s Talk Science Website
mentions 13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Looking at the Australasian Dark Sky Associations for individual states such as Victoria, I can see that there are already
many more Dark Sky Reserves and Communities than the
National listings show. Read more about some of the World's other great Dark Sky Reserves <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/dark-sky-reserves-4858525" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are other classifications too. International Dark Sky Reserves are usually in more populated areas but maintain a dark core and have adopted
good lighting practices around the periphery. Sanctuaries are more likely to be in
remote areas and have the most protected skies of all. International Dark Sky
Parks are more to do with nature conservation. They generally have good lighting
practices and offer programs for visitors. International Dark Sky
Communities are towns and cities which have adopted outdoor lighting policies
and educate the public about the importance of Dark Skies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Find some near you <a href="https://darksky.org/what-we-do/international-dark-sky-places/all-places/" target="_blank">here.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Star Spotting</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Australia is one of the best places in the world to go star
spotting. There are many star guides available on the web to help you to
understand what you are looking at and what you are likely to see. It changes
all year- every night in fact, and is different for each region. Click <a href="https://www.maas.museum/observations/2022/09/01/september-2022-southern-sky-guide/ " target="_blank">here</a> for
a typical example, but look out for those in your area too. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">You might even be treated to a meteor shower as we once were, when we had to sleep out on a race course overnight. They were the Perseids which can usually be seen in August. The second biggest meteor shower -the Geminids should be happening in the Northern Hemisphere right now until the 24th of December. For where and how to see them, click on <a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a>. Although these will have passed their peak by now, the Quadrantids will be hot on their heels, beginning on the 28th of December and running until January 12. Unfortunately, according to Principal Astronomer </span></span>at the <a href="https://www.hivetasmania.com.au/planetarium/" target="_blank">Ulverstone Planetarium</a> in Tasmania<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, Dr Martin George, we are unlikely to see these in the Southern Hemisphere and will have to wait until May 5 next year when the Eta Aquarids peak. For information on forthcoming meteor showers throughout the year, click<a href="https://www.space.com/39469-best-meteor-showers.html" target="_blank"> here.</a> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://astrotourismwa.com.au/map/" target="_blank">Western Australia</a> which is an ideal place to observe the stars because it almost always
has clear night skies, few mountains and warmer weather, has taken this to a
new level. Just like wine trails, it is producing a series of star trails which
offer viewing platforms, low light pollution and supportive communities. Some
places include star guides and even offer Aboriginal interpretation of the Night Sky. For the Southern Cross and other highlights of the Southern Skies click <a href=" https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/advice/skills/australia-stargazing-what-see-southern-hemisphere-night-sky" target="_blank">here</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, you don’t necessarily have to go far from home.
There are Dark Sky Reserves even in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cities like Melbourne. Here’s a list of some of the most popular
destinations in the <a href="Astrotourists love these Dark Sky Communities for urban stargazing - Lonely Planet" target="_blank">USA</a>. Lonely Planet also has several <a href="Dark Skies: A Practical Guide to Astrotourism - Lonely Planet Online Shop" target="_blank">books</a> to help you plan. </p><p class="MsoNormal">A Planetarium is a great place to learn about the constellations and other phenomena before you go or if the weather rains on your parade. A number of new ones have opened up in recent years. See the the most up to date list <a href="https://planetariums-database.org/" target="_blank">here.</a> The <a href="https://www.go-astronomy.com/astronomy-events.htm" target="_blank">Go Astronomy Site</a> has a Calendar of heavenly events happening in 2024. Many <a href="https://www.go-astronomy.com/observatories.htm" target="_blank">Observatories</a> also have educational programs. Star parties sound great.</p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Aurora Chasing</h3><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip4Qaw-HVQegCjFXkLs6VaTHVi3Ap1UAakh_HSiVIlhNtVmmplKOCw6OBSIe-WFp8qBBBUCJiAJXogy-TdLMUZyNnjG75csq1nITo2UGNeQSUMgXSzOCpYyISK452KK83we9tYxJgBhSFEbwSFp2UUeRKkrX6k-mQ0J7o4XNg8WqOc8MIt_ZXM/s799/23901382225_2d8427f398_c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="799" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip4Qaw-HVQegCjFXkLs6VaTHVi3Ap1UAakh_HSiVIlhNtVmmplKOCw6OBSIe-WFp8qBBBUCJiAJXogy-TdLMUZyNnjG75csq1nITo2UGNeQSUMgXSzOCpYyISK452KK83we9tYxJgBhSFEbwSFp2UUeRKkrX6k-mQ0J7o4XNg8WqOc8MIt_ZXM/w640-h426/23901382225_2d8427f398_c.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">-Image <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorjbeam/23901382225/in/album-72157662085816370/" target="_blank">Michael Greenhill</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></h3><h2></h2><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;">It's already been a good year for Auroras in Tasmania, but according to <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/auroras-solar-maximum-2024" target="_blank">National Geographic</a>, 2024 promises to be be even better in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere because the sun is reaching the peak of its 11 year cycle. <br /></div></div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Despite its often less than co -operative weather Tasmania is
one of the best places in the world to see the Southern Aurora, though it can
also be seen along parts of the South Coast of the mainland and in Chile, New Zealand, Antarctica, and
Argentina. According to Dr. Martin George, the best time to see them is around the the equinoxes, that is around March - April and September - October in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Australia’s <a href=" https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Aurora" target="_blank">Bureau of Meteorology</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href=" https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Aurora" target="_blank"> </a> </span>issues alerts when Auroras are likely. Watch their video here.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0xUF82rVljE" title="BOM Weather Guide: catching the aurora" width="560"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you have never seen one or don’t know what it is, watch
<a href="https://youtu.be/FpLd20_htF8" target="_blank">this one </a>as well. Do you know why Auroras are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>green at the North Pole and Reds and Pinks at the South Pole? Find out more at <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/auroras" target="_blank">National Geographic </a>or read more <a href="https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-time/auroras-and-where-spot-them" target="_blank">here</a>. Don’t forget to look out for the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">STEVEs </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>either [See previous post]. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Glow -in - the - Dark Algae</h3><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXekt2JuGu5YcBBiimxzcefDN6rOjzcfkFKjmi3XMOihzFaeDHnTaxE_7mUtG_Sw8fUDZGMO_Vx3gFA7xJ5aKfg6tU21MmVLL1ZPOzI9pGWnTZ0hyV4PpVZ7AoRXaTkRzagWXWo5_PF54mWHXYKTPKUvCRtAwL1ySR1SpOn4HvrIr3dV4E4JEc/s940/BioLuminescenceThu_422.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="940" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXekt2JuGu5YcBBiimxzcefDN6rOjzcfkFKjmi3XMOihzFaeDHnTaxE_7mUtG_Sw8fUDZGMO_Vx3gFA7xJ5aKfg6tU21MmVLL1ZPOzI9pGWnTZ0hyV4PpVZ7AoRXaTkRzagWXWo5_PF54mWHXYKTPKUvCRtAwL1ySR1SpOn4HvrIr3dV4E4JEc/w640-h212/BioLuminescenceThu_422.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bioluminescent Plankton - Image <a href="https://philhart.com/node/205" target="_blank">Phil Hart</a> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Bioluminescent Algae make a spectacular sight in the dark. It is often found on the margins of calmer waters such as lakes, estuaries and slow moving rivers. You may have to move the water slightly to see the effect. I saw it for the first time while children were splashing in gumboots at the water's edge. <br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;">Astrophotography</h3><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsDlVlc5sj54nuO9ftrNBWh-m3Pq0GlCUW9BW5Jgul19Q4VlGW8ah6aSXqxPq-hvfb2rgaF_MbJEXr3soyL10KE7H7653QJ5QQyvjhV1vabxbFDFwxIa8n2piWxd0YytzKa6faIhlUHQDLICZQrv8DWr84iAK78zvazBMROFq50A2CTLa6fWXW/s1800/Lake%20Eppalock%20Star%20Trail-8955.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsDlVlc5sj54nuO9ftrNBWh-m3Pq0GlCUW9BW5Jgul19Q4VlGW8ah6aSXqxPq-hvfb2rgaF_MbJEXr3soyL10KE7H7653QJ5QQyvjhV1vabxbFDFwxIa8n2piWxd0YytzKa6faIhlUHQDLICZQrv8DWr84iAK78zvazBMROFq50A2CTLa6fWXW/w640-h426/Lake%20Eppalock%20Star%20Trail-8955.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Star Trail over Lake Eppalock - Phil Hart</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;">Phil Hart whose photos I've been using in this section, has a book out <a href="https://philhart.com/tag/night-sky-photography" target="_blank">"Shooting Stars"</a> which explains how to take great night time photos using only a DSLR camera and a tripod. He also has a free monthly newsletter about what to look out for -eclipses, comets, etc and occasionally runs astrophotography workshops. You can also check out his <a href="https://www.facebook.com/nightskyphotography/" target="_blank">Night Sky Photography Facebook Page. </a><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvGBHKApql5Mu5jrO9MZZVn4q4pqy_uUea_Ht3VeH6MD57y9g5i-dcL0xFKSEz0uJU5_IxxfH3U90714nBdGNKnSJuG-wJ1EK6JTbvN-w4dRrTIH7e-qIvc78pJusVAVJ3tcGEnpxATH3P6jAnOMXrmW10LzA75Lc7LWCkRgJ0pZDY955ZO4Xg/s1920/Comet%20C2014%20Q2%20Lovejoy%2029th%20Dec%202014_1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1920" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvGBHKApql5Mu5jrO9MZZVn4q4pqy_uUea_Ht3VeH6MD57y9g5i-dcL0xFKSEz0uJU5_IxxfH3U90714nBdGNKnSJuG-wJ1EK6JTbvN-w4dRrTIH7e-qIvc78pJusVAVJ3tcGEnpxATH3P6jAnOMXrmW10LzA75Lc7LWCkRgJ0pZDY955ZO4Xg/w640-h400/Comet%20C2014%20Q2%20Lovejoy%2029th%20Dec%202014_1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Comet Lovejoy 2014 - Phil Hart<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></div><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.nightwise.org/">Nightwise</a></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">This site has interesting snippets such as notice of a total
solar eclipse on the 8<sup>th</sup> of April Next Year. This will be visible throughout much of the USA but not in Australia. Do you know that Australia might not have been
‘discovered’ by Europeans had Captain James Cook not popped down to the
Southern Hemisphere in 1769 to get a better view of the <a href="Transit of Venus - The Australian Museum Blog" target="_blank">Transit of Venus</a>? It last happened in 2012, so don't expect to see another one until 2133.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">See <a href="NASA Releases New Solar Eclipse Educational Materials - NASA" target="_blank">NASA’s</a> pages on Eclipses if you would like to know
more about them. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Data Gathering</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you would like play an even more active role, why not become a
citizen scientist with The <a href="https://globeatnight.org/ " target="_blank">GLOBE at<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Night</a> and record measurements in your area. This requires a simple LUX meter to
measure the amount of scattered light. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="https://scistarter.org/loss-of-the-night" target="_blank">Loss of the Night</a> Project is an international citizen science project to help scientists understand the effects of light pollution over time. You don't need special equipment for this. Get the app for <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cosalux.welovestars" target="_blank">Android</a> or <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/loss-of-the-night/id928440562" target="_blank">iPhone </a>here and detailed instructions for Android <a href=" http://lossofthenight.blogspot.de/2014/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-using-loss-of.html" target="_blank">here</a> or for iPhone <a href="http://lossofthenight.blogspot.de/2014/11/a-step-by-step-guide-for-using-loss-of.html" target="_blank">here</a>. It's specifically designed for use in urban areas, though you should choose a park or a balcony where there isn't too much extraneous light to start with. </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">For Children</h3><div style="text-align: left;">There's a long list of online and other resources on the <a href="https://rsaa.anu.edu.au/public/online-resources" target="_blank">Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories </a>website including Sky Charts and <a href="https://stellarium.org/" target="_blank">Stellarium,</a> a free open source sky map for your computer, which shows the stars as you might see them with the naked eye. It also has a resident astronomer who can answer your questions. <br /></div><p class="MsoNormal">The Globe at Night’s <a href="https://globeatnight.org/dark-skies-rangers/" target="_blank">Dark Sky Rangers Program</a> has lots of
activities and resources</p><p class="MsoNormal">This <a href="https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/stem-in-context/light-pollution" target="_blank">article </a>explains Light Pollution in very simple terms </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">____________ <br /></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i>"When we look out into space we are looking into our own
origins because we are truly children of the stars. And written into every atom
and every molecule of our bodies is the entire Universe from the Big Bang to
the present day." </i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">-Brian Cox</p><p></p>Many thanks to my friend, Dr Martin George (Principal Astronomer at the Ulverstone Planetarium), for valuable insights on this topic.<br /><p class="MsoNormal">Next: Quiet Places<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><br /></div>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-29665854813269124562023-12-08T00:49:00.017+11:002023-12-18T21:46:23.846+11:00Let there be (Less) Light 3 Reducing Light Pollution<div><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOBYsRcCXuMO4GWo3qDBG3XUwVUeawHkOfkCtjZMjxu-snwY4u0l5dyGq1WLkZhR39mwlJFn_TqCA6V9N71lClMd0Caf_qMcwS37WqqO6IIj2imopV872GukHsb_emDHKQiR2DFAYfDaN9XwBd9BgsgxZQrmsLGS7CNFGuy43e13FDoK39SerF/s4032/IMG_9775.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOBYsRcCXuMO4GWo3qDBG3XUwVUeawHkOfkCtjZMjxu-snwY4u0l5dyGq1WLkZhR39mwlJFn_TqCA6V9N71lClMd0Caf_qMcwS37WqqO6IIj2imopV872GukHsb_emDHKQiR2DFAYfDaN9XwBd9BgsgxZQrmsLGS7CNFGuy43e13FDoK39SerF/w480-h640/IMG_9775.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What's wrong with this picture? There'll be a short test at the end of this post </td></tr></tbody></table><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: left;">There are many ways to reduce light pollution. One way is through regulation, just as we have laws about excessive noise or air pollution. Here are some of the things which other countries, regions or cities have done.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Better Laws </h3></div><h2><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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</h2><p class="MsoNormal">In 2002, the Czech Republic became the first country to pass
laws about <a href="http://www.cost-lonne.eu/legislation/czech-republik/" target="_blank">shielding of streetlights </a>and to insist on flat rather than round
glass, to prevent light spreading out in all directions. <a href="http://www.cost-lonne.eu/legislation/slovenia/" target="_blank">Solvenia</a> introduced strong upper limits on lighting in 2007, exempting only those needed for security and safety. However, factories, airports, railways and ports may not use lighting which shines above the horizontal. A nice touch is the mention of endangered species. If there are nests on a building for example, that area may not be illuminated. </p><p class="MsoNormal">In Italy a number of jurisdictions have enacted their own laws, but those which <a href="http://www.cost-lonne.eu/legislation/italy/" target="_blank">Lombardy</a> introduced in 2009 are likely to become the EU standard. They include having no light above the horizontal plane, having lights out or reduced after 11pm (12 am in summer), almost always illuminating buildings from the top only, banning spotlights used for advertising, and protecting areas around astronomical observatories for 50 km in the case of professional ones and 30 km for public ones. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">In 2013, to limit light pollution and save energy, <a href="http://www.cost-lonne.eu/legislation/france/" target="_blank">France</a> passed its first lighting ordinances. They called for lights in office buildings to be turned off one hour after the last worker had left. Exterior lighting of buildings had to stop by 1 a.m. and window lighting in shops had to be turned off between 1 am and 7 am. <br /></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"> As of January 2019, <a href="https://darksky.org/news/france-light-pollution-law-2018/ " target="_blank">France</a> has some of the strictest laws in
the world to reduce light pollution. They have two parts. The first includes
technical requirements about the design and operation of outdoor lights on
public and private property. The second is about setting aside 11 areas for
astronomical observations, something which we'll hear more about in the next post.</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Broadly, the first section covers the following:</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Colour Temperature -Limiting
the use of blue light LEDs as already discussed. Only up to 3000 Kelvins may be
used anywhere, with a limit of 2,700 for parks, nature reserves and urban
lighting.<br /><br />While Kelvins
are all about the colour temperature of light, LUMENS <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are what you are likely to see on a light
fitting. This measures the brightness of its output. LUX readings on the other
hand, indicate the amount of light being received in a particular area over a specific time. One LUX is a measurement of one Lumen in one
square meter. It has about the same intensity as a moonlit night.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Intensity -A maximum of 3.5
LUX per square meter at any specific location, with a maximum of 25 LUX
within the city and as low as 10 LUX in suburbs and rural areas. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Limits on upward
transmission of light, to 1% of a given light source. Modern best practice demands zero upward transmission, according to Stuart.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Limiting glare by having
angles of light at less than 14.5 degrees from the horizontal. (Again, best practice is even stricter and calls for below 30o from the horizontal). <br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Curfews apply<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to commercial property and shop fronts. Lights
must be extinguished one hour after the last person has left the building or at
1 a.m. in the case of shopfronts</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Use of motion – sensing switches
is encouraged. The law also applies to
monuments and heritage buildings. Even the <a href="https://robbreport.com/lifestyle/news/france-to-fine-stores-for-leaving-lights-on-long-1235338070/" target="_blank">Eiffel Tower </a>is planning to shut its
lights down at 10 pm. an hour earlier than before.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
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</p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Use of sky beams, lasers
and other powerful lights is generally prohibited especially in natural areas
and places where astronomical observation takes place.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>The lighting of waterways
at night is also generally prohibited, including lights which shine out to sea.
</p></div><div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Light trespass into
dwellings is prohibited, regardless of source </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Local authorities may grant
exemptions for special events</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With light pollution increasing at the <a href="https://www.australasiandarkskyalliance.org" target="_blank">rate of 10% per year</a> and the negative effects of light pollution becoming more
widely known,
expect many more jurisdictions to follow France's lead.</p><p class="MsoNormal">A bonus for France has been that its new lighting restrictions have helped it to <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-12/france-bolsters-energy-saving-measures-to-avoid-demand-rebound" target="_blank">reduce its electricity consumption</a> by 12% compared to pre -pandemic levels, and enabled it to reduce its power prices slightly. Sports stadia, parking lots and open -air entertainment venues are also in its sights. </p>If your community
doesn’t have bylaws about outdoor lighting yet, you too can be a dark sky
warrior by advocating for them. Find out more <a href="https://darksky.org/get-involved/" target="_blank">here.</a>. You can also become a member of your local Dark Sky Organisation and advocate
for more dark sky reserves. See more about these and other interesting things
to do under Dark Skies in the next post.</div>
<h2>Other ways to reduce Light Pollution </h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">This following video from the <a href="https://www.australasiandarkskyalliance.org/adsaenlightened" target="_blank">Australasian Dark Sky Alliance</a> is a
bit long (10 mins), but explains many of the following points in more detail.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/z77rgrtr0Gk?si=Ddu4TYuBB7UrTBpb" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Better Lights</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">The latest light fittings can be adjusted for lower
intensity and better angles. For Dark Sky approved or certified lighting in
Australia, click <a href="https://www.australasiandarkskyalliance.org/certified-luminaires " target="_blank">here.</a> In the USA, IDAS certified lighting carries a special seal. By the way, a subset
of the French directive is that lights and their components must be made more
recyclable and reusable. The European Union has <a href="News (eceee.org)" target="_blank">banned sales of fluorescent lights</a> to save energy and prevent mercury pollution. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Better Targeting of Light</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lighting experts estimate that about <a href="Light pollution is bad for us and for wildlife. So what can we do to solve the problem? - ABC News" target="_blank">30% of lighting in Australia </a>is wasted. Much of this could be avoided by only using light where
necessary, by shielding lights appropriately and by targeting lighting carefully
so that it doesn’t spill over rooflines. This <a href="https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/stem-in-context/light-pollution" target="_blank">Let's Talk Science</a> article shows how outdoor
lighting should be shielded to avoid scatter and light pollution. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tasmania’s Parliament House is an excellent example of good
lighting, especially for a historic building. Despite being lit from below, which is now considered undesirable, the lighting was soft and
even and highlighted its architectural features and its honey -coloured
sandstone, without being obtrusive or harsh. It also stopped exactly at the roofline without lighting the trees or sky above it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Much more dignified than bright spotlights.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaVxNBkeYH4bJyMPFiQ8gO_woPJK2MusaSgzVgy5ApVxWk34tQf2uxMZVNAhfAvrzNwotVjYXeFhbogM3BJlLjgLaWpYvclTJVdjdXkXzUU2089s3mRPPBN_ajMd17Bh0kci1iSw0fUY_sRdMwIpzav_BmVwoebFzXZCiznaWuc6qX1IFgne9e/s3852/IMG_9770.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2604" data-original-width="3852" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaVxNBkeYH4bJyMPFiQ8gO_woPJK2MusaSgzVgy5ApVxWk34tQf2uxMZVNAhfAvrzNwotVjYXeFhbogM3BJlLjgLaWpYvclTJVdjdXkXzUU2089s3mRPPBN_ajMd17Bh0kci1iSw0fUY_sRdMwIpzav_BmVwoebFzXZCiznaWuc6qX1IFgne9e/w640-h432/IMG_9770.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Parliament House - a well lit historic building<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"> Using Less Light</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">The use of <a href="https://darksky.org/what-we-do/advancing-responsible-outdoor-lighting/our-positions/#outdoor-sports-lighting " target="_blank">timers, dimmers and motion sensors </a>will all help
to reduce light pollution. New Zealand is apparently far ahead of Australia on this. A curfew has been proposed for electronic billboards
and the like because their light intensity can be as much as 10 times brighter
than normal lighting and they are
difficult to shield. Most of all, ask yourself if additional lighting is really needed.</p><p class="MsoNormal">On the subject of commercial lighting, our guide pointed out
that the new trend in Europe for upmarket shops is to have very subtle lighting,
highlighting specific objects rather than brightly lit window displays. It
rather reminds me of my <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ex -father -in
law who would speak very softly if he wanted to have your full attention. You’d
lean in close and be all ears. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXCzvFFPwKJUAnV-Bn93J6ulCagUyB6nlPsRh3_dvV5zcRe71H8LQf1_Ln7mQpTQjCP0g3xfEwqDCX0oO_4qrl7FNUzs8Fmm3g1mtETEeKLr5RwB05u7H5gQ5PAYKMPWZ2L1qmKZxjwQLymrdljC73Q3-IAsOgcJbo_fQ1niY5GPR57qIxAey/s3842/shopfront%202.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3842" data-original-width="2882" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXCzvFFPwKJUAnV-Bn93J6ulCagUyB6nlPsRh3_dvV5zcRe71H8LQf1_Ln7mQpTQjCP0g3xfEwqDCX0oO_4qrl7FNUzs8Fmm3g1mtETEeKLr5RwB05u7H5gQ5PAYKMPWZ2L1qmKZxjwQLymrdljC73Q3-IAsOgcJbo_fQ1niY5GPR57qIxAey/w480-h640/shopfront%202.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Why shout when you can whisper? Too much light leads to a veritable arms race between vendors</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">As far as domestic lighting goes, the simplest thing is to
turn lights off when not in use and to have curtains or blinds to stop light
spilling out into the environment. There is an Australian standard AS 4282 for this but it is difficult to prove that violations have occurred and it is almost never policed. Make sure any security lights are properly
shielded, come on only as needed and do not light up a larger area than
necessary.</p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">So now do you know the answer to the first question? </h3><p class="MsoNormal">The spotlight is too bright, creating glare and dark spots. It repels rather than attracts and would disrupt birds and other wildlife in the trees opposite. Since it doesn't seem to be shielded in any way it most likely throws light upwards as well and adds to overall city light pollution and its sky glow. It is also a waste of energy and money.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">What you can't see in this picture, is how dangerous this 5 -way intersection has become due to the excessive and diverse types of lighting. Cars move in all directions, the already bright road lighting and traffic lights are overshadowed by the spotlights, making dark zones around pedestrian crossings and trees, while the competition between so many different light sources including those issuing from cafes and bars, distracts drivers and pedestrians alike.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">The next post will be about some of the great things you can do under Dark Skies. <br /></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR"> </span></p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-48751239298207923012023-12-03T23:21:00.010+11:002023-12-13T15:07:40.001+11:00Let There be (Less) Light - 2 Other Impacts of Light Pollution <div><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWaASd8AcjuIfWU09kmcvKKDx_EqCCHfrIqpdmBDGuu9A1zv64ALSglb62FL8eC-PSFjJKTNohtX7ZaNJBWYiZDKH9Gyirw9d_1frXVr4n6hh07dCujrbiFHnemLHse0U8rJfpYYO8ezAz-JSltkH34yxfYHDCM5FS_xisD84Y58kSeHYRoXiv/s1024/_138725f3-5f8f-4bf5-b015-372b22a81d37.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWaASd8AcjuIfWU09kmcvKKDx_EqCCHfrIqpdmBDGuu9A1zv64ALSglb62FL8eC-PSFjJKTNohtX7ZaNJBWYiZDKH9Gyirw9d_1frXVr4n6hh07dCujrbiFHnemLHse0U8rJfpYYO8ezAz-JSltkH34yxfYHDCM5FS_xisD84Y58kSeHYRoXiv/w640-h640/_138725f3-5f8f-4bf5-b015-372b22a81d37.jpeg" width="640" /></a>
</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(27, 26, 25); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Image Generated with AI</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">∙</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">
29 November 2023 at 1:05 pm</span></p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The Impact of Excess Light on Other Species</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Humans aren’t the only ones to have a problem with too much light.
The lifecycles of <a href=" https://darksky.org/resources/what-is-light-pollution/effects/wildlife-ecosystems/ " target="_blank">other species </a>including mammals, frogs, birds and insects can
also be affected. Many of our native animals are nocturnal. Excess light may
prevent them from feeding or expose them to predators. In the case of at least
one species, the tammar wallaby, artificial light can disrupt its <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>breeding cycle. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Birds which use starlight to
navigate often become confused and disoriented when confronted by urban
lighting. Tall, well -lit structures such as office buildings and oilrigs may
cause injury and death. Many insects and bats are also fatally attracted to light. Remember when our
windscreens used to bristle with moths and other insects after a drive at
night? Species such as glowworms and fireflies use their lights for to attract mates, or in the case of glow worms, to attract food, and have trouble being noticed when there is too much light. Turtles and their hatchlings are especially vulnerable as you can see in this
<a href="https://youtu.be/R5ID9MU1bCQ?si=Y14U-OPLUiJ3ofd8" target="_blank">video</a>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Strip lighting along freeways can also create an <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/campaign/light-pollution/ecological-communities" target="_blank">artificial barrier</a> between areas and fragment habitat, which also makes it more difficult for
animals to breed. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Impact on Plants and Soils</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/campaign/light-pollution/ecological-communities " target="_blank">plants</a> can be affected. Without the animals and insects
which help with seed dispersal and pollination, they do not reproduce in their
usual numbers. Marine species are also drawn to or repelled by light. In artificially lit lakes, <a href="https://astro-canada.ca/la_pollution_lumineuse-light_pollution-eng" target="_blank">zooplankton</a> no longer dines on surface algae, contributing to algal blooms and poor
water quality. Reduced activity by invertebrates such as beetles and bacteria which help in
the breakdown of organic material and soil production can also disrupt whole
ecosystems. [Pleasantly surprised to see Australia right at the forefront of
this research]. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Other Problems created by Light Pollution </h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">In our cities, light spills from office buildings, advertising
signs, street lights and garishly lit shop windows. According to <a href="https://globeatnight.org/light-pollution/" target="_blank">The Globe at Night Organisation</a> which is dedicated to raising awareness about Light
Pollution and gathers data from around the world, Light Pollution<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is defined as “excessive, misdirected <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or obtrusive light which alters the natural
conditions of the night sky.” Here are some more reasons why it’s a problem. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">When less light is better</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">It would be easy to think that more light would make cities safer, but you’d be wrong. As Stuart, our guide
pointed out, ultra bright light such as the flood lights which have now been
installed along the waterfront at Salamanca, actually have the opposite effect.
Our eyes have difficulty adapting to extremes of light and in places where muggings are common,
nefarious activity takes place in the now much darker spaces between lights. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Humans can see perfectly well by as little as one Lux – the equivalent of a
moonlit night, provided that that light is even. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, on the way back to the car, I passed
through a park. Though only softly lit, I could see over vast expanses of grass,
trees and bushes to the edges of the park and would have noticed any movement,
whereas bright lights may have illuminated the path and the foreground, but not
given me that depth of field. It certainly demonstrated that night vision improves in lower
light.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn25P_Qe33w9pMB4Ix2COEhpe6MCGV6oMBgfZyFm2OZ_n0nTOGb91RCBA1BFYlin5plgYUHUM4CRKq26CpJTbB_7Zf8r7J1lT2aWHSVlsWL7_sOId775edA73eR-PcxUpKgOwqdnz0mwjVXNeAB7AFGA2zILjh5G6gE3UnYxqH3_zeWU9EXp8N/s4032/IMG_9728%20-%20Copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn25P_Qe33w9pMB4Ix2COEhpe6MCGV6oMBgfZyFm2OZ_n0nTOGb91RCBA1BFYlin5plgYUHUM4CRKq26CpJTbB_7Zf8r7J1lT2aWHSVlsWL7_sOId775edA73eR-PcxUpKgOwqdnz0mwjVXNeAB7AFGA2zILjh5G6gE3UnYxqH3_zeWU9EXp8N/w640-h480/IMG_9728%20-%20Copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Our eyes have difficulty switching between light and dark. When lights are too bright they dazzle rather than allowing us to see details. Colours are washed out, and why are we illuminating the tree tops?</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb_VIy6SvrdqM5CFdbtOg8_vHoRKDadk5lgKzLCoxqr3hRGLhPsJW6t9H8GEnhU20YO7Z1LVeiiIp0S_nuj07j98utGwHgqKmhnO6jodmcAVBHbpUPOcS5VPuEH-yIuJt03WlxodZj9MhpdhCdam79q1wxZ1jamkJo-q1jzo3LzJw-tYWZwtb-/s4032/IMG_9730.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb_VIy6SvrdqM5CFdbtOg8_vHoRKDadk5lgKzLCoxqr3hRGLhPsJW6t9H8GEnhU20YO7Z1LVeiiIp0S_nuj07j98utGwHgqKmhnO6jodmcAVBHbpUPOcS5VPuEH-yIuJt03WlxodZj9MhpdhCdam79q1wxZ1jamkJo-q1jzo3LzJw-tYWZwtb-/w480-h640/IMG_9730.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another example of poor lighting. It doesn't need to be so bright and it is unshielded, meaning that much of the light is thrown upwards where it does harm rather than good <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Also counter -intuitive is the fact that, according to Stuart, adding more light in order to
attract more people to an entertainment precinct can have the opposite effect, especially
with respect to young people. Any bright light makes the surroundings appear even darker.<br /></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Road Safety Issues</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">The reason the French are looking hard at headlights,
outdoor advertising and billboards is precisely because they distract drivers,
cause confusion when there are too many or they are too bright, or create glare – visual discomfort,
all of which can <a href="https://www.livescience.com/light-pollution" target="_blank">contribute to accidents</a>. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Interference with Astronomical Observation</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">The combined effect of street lighting, commercial and
domestic lighting and security lights, produces <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/light-pollution/" target="_blank">“Sky Glow”</a> - that dome of light
which surrounds cities and prevents us seeing phenomena such as Auroras, Meteor
Showers and manifestations such as<a href=" The Enigmatic, Celestial Steve Makes an Appearance in Scotland - Atlas Obscura" target="_blank"> STEVE </a>– ribbons of light similar to, but not
exactly like Auroras, which have only recently been recognised. It also prevents general astronomical
observations. It is precisely the absence of extraneous light – and generally
good weather, which makes outback Australia an ideal place for stargazing
and monitoring of space exploration missions.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcS29oaaG1y3hgShu2YTrtX7rgxXCb-cpcBbg1yPRgqxnl_a1LHc5V5-jnHqrBtP8LdUF4Q15EUS0qDINPqTXpTz2CA7lxfAy_trivJLQueyczXOJGn_yQMGmsrj9W7SevRr1nRP8cnEbmb7YDtLvU_qWI8SjlmMYMmlmdYxh45jABChp-_7At/s799/5501955441_3495036936_c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="799" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcS29oaaG1y3hgShu2YTrtX7rgxXCb-cpcBbg1yPRgqxnl_a1LHc5V5-jnHqrBtP8LdUF4Q15EUS0qDINPqTXpTz2CA7lxfAy_trivJLQueyczXOJGn_yQMGmsrj9W7SevRr1nRP8cnEbmb7YDtLvU_qWI8SjlmMYMmlmdYxh45jABChp-_7At/w640-h426/5501955441_3495036936_c.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Night time Sky Glow over Washington D.C. <br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: right;">- <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffsmallwood/5501955441/">This Photo</a> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">is by Jeff Smallwood and licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA-NC</a></span> </div><div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Cost and Energy Savings</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href=" https://globeatnight.org/light-pollution/" target="_blank">The Globe at Night</a> organisation notes that lighting accounts
for one quarter of global energy consumption. Reducing unnecessary lighting would thus in most instances not only reduce
our carbon footprint if its power was coming from fossil fuels, but result in considerable savings for individuals and
communities. </p><p class="MsoNormal">As an example, <a href="https://darksky.org/" target="_blank">The International Dark Sky Association </a>which campaigns for light - free spaces, has noted that light pollution costs the city of Quebec an estimated $50 million per year. [Data from <a href="https://astro-canada.ca/la_pollution_lumineuse-light_pollution-eng" target="_blank">Astro Canada</a>, reported in <a href=" https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/stem-in-context/light-pollution" target="_blank">Let's Talk Science</a>]. <br /></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The Right to Starlight <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With more than <a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/light-pollution/" target="_blank">80% the world’s people </a>now living in cities,
many have never had a chance to experience the night sky free of light pollution. It
is a thing of beauty, the stuff of poetry, romance and creativity and also shows us our place in
the universe. I have no scientific evidence for this apart from the
physiological studies about the impact of excess light on our health and mental wellbeing, but I
believe we need the night as much as the day for our inner growth, to process
what we have seen and learned, and simply to pause and wonder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We worry about chickens being constantly bathed in artificial
light to increase their egg production though it shortens their lives, yet we
don’t worry about humans. We are living creatures after all, whether we want to
believe that or not. Great works (and mischief) are created in the dark, not
when we are busy, busy all the time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
me, the night is when the earth and nature stop to catch their breath. Why
shouldn’t we do likewise? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anyone who has
spent any time at all under a clear night sky will know what I mean.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let's finish off with this <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1176229" target="_blank">quote</a>;<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The true joy
of a moonlit night is something we no longer understand. Only the men of old,
when there were no lights, could understand the true joy of a moonlit night.”<br />
</p></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #181818; font-size: 10.5pt;">―</span><span style="color: #181818; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span class="authorortitle"><b><span face=""Lato",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;">Yasunari Kawabata, </span></b></span><span style="color: #181818; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="><span id=" quote_book_link_14031=""><b><span face=""Lato",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Palm-of-the-Hand
Stories</span></b></a></span></div>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-5947990480536138572023-11-29T00:19:00.007+11:002023-12-01T04:01:52.206+11:00Let there be (Less) Light - The Impact of Artificial Light on Humans<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__o6QEymR1wy37Q2-fi810YRVmc-sA-WanXtYmVtyjE9LJfsX7Z-ZEP7wbtxI2AQsnxubxRd2LJ_Hxzfoes8KfsFdseVPcynoGm0CVMZYJ0h5c4XLjQlMw4ZJXlVifeaZikCgpq7AOk9IMt2wEbFXorh64B5uFVOX8jhCY6RlTQ0jM330pOPg/s1024/_b89d62d6-8cf8-4f26-937d-54cd105b07ce.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__o6QEymR1wy37Q2-fi810YRVmc-sA-WanXtYmVtyjE9LJfsX7Z-ZEP7wbtxI2AQsnxubxRd2LJ_Hxzfoes8KfsFdseVPcynoGm0CVMZYJ0h5c4XLjQlMw4ZJXlVifeaZikCgpq7AOk9IMt2wEbFXorh64B5uFVOX8jhCY6RlTQ0jM330pOPg/w640-h640/_b89d62d6-8cf8-4f26-937d-54cd105b07ce.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(27, 26, 25); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Image generated with AI</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">∙</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">
18 November 2023 at 2:52 pm</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: right;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">Yes, we’re finally coming to the part I wanted to tell you about because
most of it was new to me - not that it’s all good news. In this post we’ll talk about the impact of artificial light on humans. In the
second, we’ll discuss the impact on the environment and what's being done about
it.</p>
<h2>Night Walk</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Earlier this month, I
went on an interesting night walk led by a lighting expert as part of Architecture
Week. Our guide took us for a stroll around the city, pointing out examples of
good and bad lighting and how short the history of electric light really was in
the broad sweep of human history. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the start he told
us a little about Aboriginal Astronomy. How Aboriginal people made use of the
stars in their daily lives – not as Westerners might, to guide them from place
to place, but rather as an Almanac which told them what season it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was – whether it was time to gather emu eggs
or to move to another place. Furthermore, they didn’t use the stars themselves,
but rather the spaces in between and they <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>gave these names which reflected their
universe, just as later astronomers did with the constellations.</p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The Impact of Artificial Light</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">It seems that the human race has adapted well to lights on the
warm red – yellow spectrum. These mimic sunlight more closely and we are still
drawn to them, just as we might once have been to firelight. What we are absolutely
not accustomed to, are the very high energy lights now made possible by
LEDs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and especially those in the
blue spectrum, as many of our screens and much of our street lighting are –
think of the lights on freeways or those used to light football grounds at
night. </p>
<h2>The Problem with Blue Light LEDs</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">Energy – saving though they may be and thus in widespread use, <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/blue-light-has-a-dark-side" target="_blank"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>blue light LEDs</a> have now been shown to disrupt
our circadian rhythms and are associated with diseases ranging from depression,
through to various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sleep disorders and obesity. If you've been feeling unaccountably blue lately, then this could be one of the reasons why. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The link between these afflictions is believed to be related to the amount
of <a href="https://www.anses.fr/en/content/leds-blue-light" target="_blank">melatonin </a>which our bodies produce. Blue light cuts it by 50% more than
other types of lighting. It also has an impact on eyesight and contributes to
<a href="https://www.anses.fr/en/content/leds-blue-light" target="_blank">macular degeneration</a>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For this reason the French have <a href="20 https://www.anses.fr/en/content/leds-blue-light" target="_blank">banned the sale of such products</a> for domestic use as of January 2020 and only allow them in other settings with special
precautions. It recommends that <a href="https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/PRES2019DPA01EN.pdf" target="_blank">children </a>be less exposed to blue light because they are more
vulnerable. This vulnerability stems from the fact that the lenses over their retinas are not fully formed until around
age 20. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Pregnant women, the elderly, people with conditions such as epilepsy or who suffer from migraine should also avoid such lighting because of the visible or invisible
fluctuations to which it is prone. The French <a href="https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/PRES2019DPA01EN.pdf" target="_blank">studies</a> also found that the various screen protectors and eye protection available, vary greatly in effectiveness and neither these nor switching light modes on iPhones protects against the effects of sleep disruption or the long - term effects on eyesight. French researchers are now looking closely at the light output of things like car headlights and children's toys. <br /></p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Protecting Yourself against the Impact of LEDs, especially Blue Light<br /></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the French <a href="https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/PRES2019DPA01EN.pdf" target="_blank">recommendations,</a> you can protect
yourself from the sleep disrupting effects of blue light by turning your devices off
about two hours before bed and having none on at night. This especially applies to children and adolescents. If you must have a nightlight, keep it low and in the warm white spectrum. Much the same applies to domestic lighting generally. Keep it low, indirect and warm white. </p><p class="MsoNormal">As far as external lighting goes, the French are also setting <a href="https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/PRES2019DPA01EN.pdf" target="_blank">strict limits</a> on what may be allowed outdoors. For example, no more than 3000 Kelvins of light will be allowed in any situation, less than 2400
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Light below 4000K is
in the reddish spectrum whereas light above 7500 Kelvins. Is considered
blue and definitely a No. </span>There are also conditions on how lighting is to be placed and reducing the use of lights overall. We shall discuss this more next time.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While the French have been the first to introduce such guidelines about lighting, expect to see much more about this in future. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_IsHW9jsWi0rbKLbtOTwACnT5IkYQZd4DPSRM66z673EZAG6ISUi7CeFlDKFfJbu03k2DUJ5PQjSWxfxSyZD10_OdmGtTqX65eIfyD6qReCVlcf9gqDpBYyBh2hubyPosBg1frApkflIPCLHOnYdmL3d2PLnJZGTxD5weCyAl7v4wLVMevzG/s1024/_31702312-524e-4243-8445-a60d11998875.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_IsHW9jsWi0rbKLbtOTwACnT5IkYQZd4DPSRM66z673EZAG6ISUi7CeFlDKFfJbu03k2DUJ5PQjSWxfxSyZD10_OdmGtTqX65eIfyD6qReCVlcf9gqDpBYyBh2hubyPosBg1frApkflIPCLHOnYdmL3d2PLnJZGTxD5weCyAl7v4wLVMevzG/s320/_31702312-524e-4243-8445-a60d11998875.jpeg" width="320" /></a></p>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-2236446607877191952023-11-22T08:19:00.001+11:002024-01-24T09:53:12.410+11:00Reducing Air Travel Guilt - Reprinted with Kind Permission from the Conversation.<p> </p>
<h1 class="legacy">How air travellers can cut their <span class="nobr">door-to</span>-door emissions right now – by as much as 13% on the <span class="nobr">Sydney-Melbourne</span> route</h1>
<figure>
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541373/original/file-20230807-21-46i2be.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C3994%2C2658&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" />
<figcaption>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">MDRX/Wikimedia Commons</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rico-merkert-90253">Rico Merkert</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-li-1460445">David Li</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></span>
<p>Our climate is changing, and airlines are under pressure to reduce emissions from air travel. For many of us, especially in Australia, flying is an essential form of transport, so how can we reduce its environmental impact? Getting to and from the airport is an overlooked aspect of air travel that offers an immediate way to cut total carbon emissions from the trip by a surprisingly large amount.</p>
<p>Our newly published <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920923002468">research</a> shows for an average economy passenger flying from Sydney to Melbourne, the carbon emissions from using a fossil-fuelled car to get to and from the airports make up a staggering 13.5% of the total door-to-door emissions. At a global scale, this number reaches 12.1% for long-haul flights and up to 22.8% for short-haul air journeys.</p>
<p>For comparison, in the International Air Transport Association’s <a href="https://www.iata.org/en/programs/environment/roadmaps/">2050 net-zero emission roadmap</a>, 13% of global airline decarbonisation will come from electric and hydrogen propulsion. A further 65% is to come from mass adoption of sustainable aviation fuel. This is fuel produced from non-petroleum-based renewable sources such as some municipal solid waste, woody biomass, fats, greases and oils.</p>
<p>Each of these big lifters requires a mammoth level of investment and technological breakthroughs, and comes with limitations and risks. Some solutions might make air travel prohibitively expensive. Airlines are moving mountains to decarbonise, but there are increasing concerns their net-zero plans might not stack up.</p>
<p>In contrast, a 13.5% emission reduction on a Sydney-Melbourne door-to-door journey today may sound like a dream. Yet our research shows it’s easily achievable if travellers can be persuaded to change how they get to and from the airport.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541375/original/file-20230807-25-gylca6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541375/original/file-20230807-25-gylca6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=367&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541375/original/file-20230807-25-gylca6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=367&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541375/original/file-20230807-25-gylca6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=367&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541375/original/file-20230807-25-gylca6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=461&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541375/original/file-20230807-25-gylca6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=461&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541375/original/file-20230807-25-gylca6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=461&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Travel to and from the airport by a fossil-fuelled car accounts for a surprisingly large proportion of emissions from the whole journey.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>So how can travellers be convinced to switch?</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/agricultural-and-resource-economics-review/article/future-of-carbon-labeling-factors-to-consider/FDBC62244F2ACA29A7602886085B4A91">Research</a> has shown carbon “labelling” helps shift consumer behaviour towards greener choices. It’s a bit like how the nutrition label on the back of our cereal box helps us choose healthier options. </p>
<p>For instance, when searching for a flight on online travel platform Skyscanner, all flight options are displayed with carbon emissions, so consumers can make a more informed choice.</p>
<p>Two <a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5n53672m">recent</a> <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/03611981211046924">studies</a> at the University of California, Davis, suggest showing consumers the emission outcomes of different gate-to-gate flight choices, such as aircraft types and transit stops, can prompt them to choose greener flights, reducing emissions by up to 3.8%. </p>
<p>But air journeys don’t start or end at airports. They start at home and end at destinations, or vice versa. Our air-travel carbon emissions are divided into ground and air segments and counted as airport and airline emissions respectively. While airlines focus on gate-to-gate decarbonisation through future technologies, the door-to-door emissions produced by travel to and from airports can be reduced immediately.</p>
<p>Let’s look at an example of a Sydney-to-Melbourne trip. Say you travel from North Sydney to Sydney Airport by car, then fly to Melbourne Airport and catch a taxi to the city centre. That trip emits 82 kilograms of CO₂ door-to-door. But if you use a train, bus or electric vehicle (charged from a renewable source) to travel to and from the airport, the emissions from your trip drop to 71kg: a 13.5% fall door-to-door. </p>
<p>Although travel platforms are increasingly communicating gate-to-gate emissions to consumers, we’re not aware of any that are including door-to-door emissions. Helping climate-conscious consumers understand the door-to-door carbon impact of airport ground connections could drive them to choose greener options such as public transport and electric vehicles.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Google Flights chart of air travel options showing emissions and cost" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=464&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=464&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=464&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=583&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=583&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541364/original/file-20230807-15-mp3dlr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=583&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Travel aggregator search platforms are now labelling carbon emissions when offering flight options.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Google Flights</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Give airlines an incentive to inform passengers</h2>
<p>Governments and airports have long collaborated in driving consumers towards greener ground transit options. For instance, Transport for NSW has set a 50% emission-reduction <a href="https://www.future.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-09/Future_Transport_Strategy_2.pdf">target</a> for 2030. </p>
<p>However, consumer adoption of these options has remained low. <a href="https://www.ttf.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/TTF_Accessing_Sydney_Airport.pdf">Most airport trips</a> in Australia today are still made by conventional car.</p>
<p>As consumers, we have relationships with airlines that we don’t have with airports. When it comes to flying, we choose our airline carefully. Yet we rarely think about how we get to the airport.</p>
<p>Airlines are experts in customer communication and engagement. They operate some of the largest frequent-flyer programs in the world. Last time we checked, Qantas had <a href="https://www.finder.com.au/frequent-flyer/qantas">15 million</a> program members and Virgin had <a href="https://newsroom.virginaustralia.com/release/velocity-frequent-flyer-soars-11-million-members">11 million</a>. </p>
<p>Through these channels, airlines learn about us and how we tick when it comes to making flying choices. This puts them in an ideal position to keep us informed about door-to-door travel and drive the transition towards greener airport ground-connection options. To give them an incentive to do so, their efforts should be recognised through emission accounting.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Air travellers enter the airport train station" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541376/original/file-20230807-17-tiylg0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541376/original/file-20230807-17-tiylg0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541376/original/file-20230807-17-tiylg0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541376/original/file-20230807-17-tiylg0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541376/original/file-20230807-17-tiylg0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541376/original/file-20230807-17-tiylg0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541376/original/file-20230807-17-tiylg0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">It makes sense to give airlines an incentive to play a greater role in promoting low-emissions travel to and from the airport.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>A cost-effective way to cut emissions</h2>
<p>Travellers using the Sydney Airport train station must pay an <a href="https://www.opal.com.au/en/opal-fares/airport_station_access_fee/">access fee</a>, which adds <a href="https://airportlink.com.au/trip-information/price/">A$15.74</a> to the cost of the journey. As our <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920923002468">paper</a> highlights, the average customer using the airport train removes 2.7kg of CO₂. Achieving the same amount of decarbonisation during the flight using more sustainable aviation fuel – which is more expensive – would cost the customer about the same: between $10 and $16.</p>
<p>So there is an opportunity for airlines to highlight this decarbonisation outcome as a way to persuade travellers to reconsider driving a car or catching a taxi, and instead take the airport train or bus. Airlines could also consider collaborating with airports to build airport charging facilities for electric vehicles as uptake in Australia approaches a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/31/australian-electric-vehicles-ev-sales-rise-increase">double-digit share</a> of new vehicle sales.</p>
<p>This overlooked opportunity to cut door-to-door emissions from air travel has a substantial upside. It deserves far more attention from airlines, airports and consumers.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211099/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p>
<p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rico-merkert-90253">Rico Merkert</a>, Professor in Transport and Supply Chain Management and Deputy Director, Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies (ITLS), University of Sydney Business School, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-li-1460445">David Li</a>, PhD Candidate, Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></span></p>
<p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-air-travellers-can-cut-their-door-to-door-emissions-right-now-by-as-much-as-13-on-the-sydney-melbourne-route-211099">original article</a>.</p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-83151910530126146352023-11-17T22:18:00.511+11:002023-11-28T21:35:01.862+11:00The Future of Tourism 3 - Social Impacts of Tourism and what to do about them <p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE6uAMweJCGOt1RoTBqJgXN7fmSX0Z0RE_aH-4_CJS_ODtQQdTk6N-8QuYq99yqPGtnYqtWIdGxIZc8XopJdyNYxLSCspPyLf0Kc2XMMVhDmNO0ovAfkbUAg2DRxxw9Ob55F40EnW7J50C2Zj5KA7m3zGDPS22-euZX7T6jK6qlZ9Hrpug-7vU/s1024/_fc11993b-f0f6-4f21-b8d9-792d8439c056.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE6uAMweJCGOt1RoTBqJgXN7fmSX0Z0RE_aH-4_CJS_ODtQQdTk6N-8QuYq99yqPGtnYqtWIdGxIZc8XopJdyNYxLSCspPyLf0Kc2XMMVhDmNO0ovAfkbUAg2DRxxw9Ob55F40EnW7J50C2Zj5KA7m3zGDPS22-euZX7T6jK6qlZ9Hrpug-7vU/w640-h640/_fc11993b-f0f6-4f21-b8d9-792d8439c056.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Dream</td></tr></tbody></table><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(27, 26, 25); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><i>Image </i>Generated with AI</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">∙</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">
15 November 2023 at 12:28 am</span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">The Reality <br /></h2><div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Widespread adoption of the initiatives mentioned in the previous post
may go some way towards curbing the worst aspects of tourism such as emissions and pollution, or local populations getting very little benefit, but there are others yet to be discussed. Excessive tourism is one. While especially bad for nature reserves -and almost half of UN
designated World Heritage sites which are supposed to protect the world’s
finest natural and cultural sites for future generations, don’t even have a
management plan, others affect the quality of life of resident populations in various ways, such as losing access to their own city or being forced out by rising property prices.<br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9aW_Dlq0lnk?si=uZKmU1nVhhFmSgfn" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> Too much of a good thing?<br /></h3><p class="MsoNormal">One of the more obvious issues is crowding. Though tourism almost ground to a halt during the pandemic and many places are still recovering, in others it is starting to roar back with a vengeance. Some destinations are already looking as if they could <a href="https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-on-track-for-full-recovery-as-new-data-shows-strong-start-to-2023" target="_blank"> exceed</a> pre - pandemic levels before the end of the year. <br /><br />In the unlikely event that you haven't encountered that problem yet, below are some videos which should scare the pants off any sane traveller looking for a quiet getaway. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vyt1HdR4uLw?si=OzuNBsgCbLnfebgF" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Limiting Access </h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">From beaches in Thailand to bustling cities in Spain, many places have
begun to control visitor numbers. This is particularly important in natural areas to protect fragile eco -systems.
However, more recently it has also become necessary in cities because excessive tourism not only detracts from the visitor
experience, but makes things unpleasant for local people too. Here's how various places have sought to counter it. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">[There's a great article in Conde Nast's <a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-06-19/barcelona-bhutan-places-that-limit-tourist-numbers" target="_blank">Traveller</a>
series from which I learned a lot about this topic, but which also has useful tips on how to get away from the crowd in some of the more popular destinations].</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Amsterdam</a> (pop. 3 million), attracted some 20 million visitors in 2018, leading to protests by residents. It has responded by reducing the number of Air BnB listings, encouraging visitors to go to outlying regions, no longer allowing tourist shops to open in the city and directing people away from busy attractions using live streams and apps. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/10/31/cruise-ships-erosion-air-pollution-and-overtourism-are-driving-cities-towards-bans">Cruise ships</a> may be banished from the city centre and must already pay a tourist tax. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/09/11/tourist-taxes-all-of-the-countries-you-will-have-to-pay-to-enter-in-2022">Taxes on accommodation </a>are already higher than elsewhere in Europe and are set to rise from 7.5% to 12.5% in 2024. </li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">The 30 million tourists who visit <a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-06-19/barcelona-bhutan-places-that-limit-tourist-numbers">Venice</a> each year, have already driven out most of the locals. In 2019 a tourist tax was to be imposed on day visitors on top of those already being charged by hotels. It also stopped cruise ships from docking in its city centre. Though the <a href="https://allaboutvenice.com/venice-tourist-tax/">pandemic and technical problems</a> delayed the tax, it is now expected to be trialled on especially busy days next year. <br /></li></ul><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Proposals
for 'sitting bans' are also afoot to stop visitors staying too long at outdoor
venues, historic monuments and bridges. <br /></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">Such bans already exist at Rome’s famous <a href="https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/barriers-be-set-around-trevi-fountain-rome ">Trevi Fountain,</a> but these are about to be replaced by physical barriers. Vendors have already been evicted from this area as well as the Coliseum.</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href=" https://reasonstobecheerful.world/barcelona-fighting-overtourism/" target="_blank">Barcelona,</a>
whose popularity has soared since the 1992 Summer Olympics were held there,
receives 20 million tourists a year of which 2.7 million were cruise ship passengers. It too no longer allows cruise ships to dock in its <a href="https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/10/31/cruise-ships-erosion-air-pollution-and-overtourism-are-driving-cities-towards-bans" target="_blank">city centre</a>. Cruise ship passengers must now pay an additional tax on top of those for other visitors. It has also limited hotel beds
and the opening of new hotels.
Although the pandemic disrupted tourism, local people enjoyed having their town to themselves and Barcelona's mayor has <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/overtourism-coronavirus/index.html" target="_blank">no
intention of reversing these measures</a>. It is also considering banning large
tour buses from the city centre. <br /><br /></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href=" https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-06-19/barcelona-bhutan-places-that-limit-tourist-numbers." target="_blank">Mallorca</a>
– Imagine you are a small island off the Spanish Coast with just under 900,000
inhabitants and each day you are visited by 1094 flights and 17,000 cruise ship
passengers. As with Venice, locals have practically been forced out by rising
property prices. So far Mallorca has responded by doubling its modest tourist tax to
around €4 a day but it's debatable whether this will make any difference. <br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/20/france-pledges-to-tackle-overtourism-as-visitor-numbers-surge-mid-peak-season" target="_blank">France,</a>
the world's most popular tourist destination with 37 million tourists visiting
Paris alone this year -just 1 million short of pre -pandemic levels, is also
putting the brakes on by limiting access to popular sites such as the island of
Brehat in Brittany. Already in the grip of a housing crisis, Paris is
increasing its tourist tax by 200%. </li></ul><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://reasonstobecheerful.world/barcelona-fighting-overtourism/" target="_blank">Marseille</a>
has introduced a permit system and only allows 400 visitors per day to its
famous rock formations the <i><a href="https://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/nature/the-calanques-of-marseille/" target="_blank">calanques.</a></i></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">With <a href="https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/10/20/new-tourist-tax-and-higher-transport-costs-how-japan-is-planning-to-combat-overtourism" target="_blank">Japan</a> bouncing back to 2 million visitors for the September quarter (2023), about 98%
of its pre -pandemic volume, its Ministry of Tourism has unveiled several
strategies. It is expanding bus and taxi fleets to take visitors directly to
popular sites and directing tourists to destinations away from busy ones such as Tokyo and Kyoto. The city of Hatsukaichi in Hiroshima
province which is home to Japan's most revered shrine, has also introduced a
Tourist Tax (see below).<br /><i> <br /></i></li><li class="MsoNormal">The <a href="https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/08/03/greeces-acropolis-cap-on-daily-visitors-and-staggered-entry-times-starting-in-september" target="_blank">Acropolis</a>
in Greece -a World Heritage Site, which attracted 23,000 visitors a day
and was almost back to pre -pandemic levels in May, even before the main tourist
season, is now trialling staggered entry times and limiting admission to 20,000
people a day. <br /><br /></li><li class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.cinqueterre.eu.com/en" target="_blank">Cinque Terre</a> in Italy is also <a href="The Seychelles have banned large scale developments on the road to a more sustainable tourism industry. " target="_blank">limiting visitors</a>. </li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">Before
the pandemic the UNESCO listed medieval <a href="https://balkaninsight.com/2021/05/17/dubrovnik-once-wanted-fewer-tourists-what-about-now/" target="_blank">City
of Dubrovnik</a> in Croatia, was besieged by 10,000 visitors a day. In
2016, it restricted cruise ships to only 2 per day instead of 10 and had plans
to limit day visitors to 4,000. With the pandemic virtually turning it into a <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/overtourism-coronavirus/index.html" target="_blank">ghost town,</a> there were calls to drop restrictions, but now that tourism is on the up and
up again, it remains to be seen whether they will be enforced.<br /> <br /></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">In 2015, <a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-06-19/barcelona-bhutan-places-that-limit-tourist-numbers" target="_blank">Machu
Picchuu</a>, another World Heritage, site used to attract 1.4 million
visitors a year. They were allowed to climb all over the ruins and were
contributing to erosion and pollution. From 2017 onwards, only 5,000 visitors a
day were allowed in two timed sessions and had to be accompanied by a local
guide.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal">Prior to 2016, World Heritage -listed <a href=" https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-06-19/barcelona-bhutan-places-that-limit-tourist-numbers" target="_blank">Angkor
Wa</a>t in Cambodia received 2.5 million visitors a year causing damage to the
surrounding countryside and putting stress on ground water supplies. The Cambodian government responded by doubling entry fees and limiting the number
of people who could visit the central tower to 100 at a time. <br /><br /></li><li>Fragile and teeming with hundreds of endemic species, The World Heritage
listed Galapagos Islands have had to restrict visitors since 1963 when large parts of the main island were set aside as a National Park. The loss of tourist income during the pandemic hit the Galapagos particularly hard and meant that it's only other industry - fishing, had to pick up the slack. This caused considerable deterioration to its marine environment and led to calls for more Marine Parks, despite protests from fishermen.<span class="Heading3Char" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span><br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>In the USA, several too well -loved
<a href="https://www.budgettravel.com/article/these-u-s-parks-require-winning-the-lottery-to-visit" target="_blank">National Parks</a> such as Zion National Park, have restricted access by
issuing a limited number of lottery tickets each day.<br /> <br /></li><li>In Tasmania, access to the very popular 10 -day Overland
Track numbers are restricted by a first -come, first -serve pre - booking system to protect both its natural values and to retain the wilderness
experience for visitors. </li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Raising Prices<br /></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal">From Scotland to New Zealand, from Thailand to Bali, many places have introduced <a href="https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/09/11/tourist-taxes-all-of-the-countries-you-will-have-to-pay-to-enter-in-2022">Tourist Taxes</a> on foreign visitors either on entering or
leaving the country or as a bed tax. In some cases, such as Hungary, Portugal or
Austria it only applies to specific cities or only during peak
periods. All <a href="https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/schengen-visa-countries-list" target="_blank">non – Schengen</a> country visitors to Europe must pay it on their Visa application.<br /><br /></li><li class="MsoNormal"> At $250 per day,
Bhutan has the highest entry charges, while the Netherlands has the highest in the EU. In some cases, as with New Zealand's $35 environmental tax, it is specifically for protecting and restoring the natural environment, but
for others it is simply to curb excessive tourism.<br /> <br /></li><li class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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traffic jams and accumulation of rubbish on <a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-06-19/barcelona-bhutan-places-that-limit-tourist-numbers" target="_blank">Mt. Everest</a>, the Nepali Government
has raised the cost of climbing permits to $11,000 for foreigners and banned
solo or novice climbers, though as yet, that doesn't seem to have curbed their enthusiasm. <br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Tasmania's Overland
Track attracts
a surcharge on top of the usual National Park Fees to cover track maintenance and occasionally needed search and rescue services. Cradle Mountain National Park, where it starts, recently introduced an
additional charge for all visitors to use the obligatory shuttle bus which runs between visitors’
car park to the main attractions such as Dove Lake, Cradle Mountain itself, and
other popular walking tracks. <br /></li></ul><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">While this may be necessary
to protect the site or cover costs, Tasmanians fear they are being priced out of their own National Park. This causes some resentment because local people already bear much of the burden in the form of
congestion and infrastructure costs. <br /> <br /></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">So much for founder, Gustav Weindorfer's dream of creating"... a national park for all people for all time" (1910). Perhaps it's time we had a local price and a tourist price, as Bali has. In fairness, resident seniors and people on disability pensions and the like, do
get a concession on their annual Parks Pass and fortunately there are other beautiful National Parks to visit.<br /> <br /></div></div><div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Not that I think loading all the costs onto visitors is such a good idea either. Raising prices might seem like an easy fix and fill government coffers for a time, but Tasmania is already<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> an expensive destination to get to and shouldn't just be for the well - heeled. Those living in crowded urban conurbations need green space, fresh air and beauty even more and neither young people nor families with young children ought miss out either.<br /></span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_2KsoEiFbjAEPQ_T-MYW2xu_up1iHlHfkHGQJ3BNKiVe9fWLVbk9zvISUKf5t3V-JqSAlBQVxwnj_RldN1sbTNM1yeYNKRcfraxtuaiKk7xeay-4mN2mAR8xvJ7v5DmMHDkbdIcDQYq1Ua6qlhVqPNcsjY6Omg9zO0D8qfojWuOB_QRTnMPmO/s2592/IMG_2972.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_2KsoEiFbjAEPQ_T-MYW2xu_up1iHlHfkHGQJ3BNKiVe9fWLVbk9zvISUKf5t3V-JqSAlBQVxwnj_RldN1sbTNM1yeYNKRcfraxtuaiKk7xeay-4mN2mAR8xvJ7v5DmMHDkbdIcDQYq1Ua6qlhVqPNcsjY6Omg9zO0D8qfojWuOB_QRTnMPmO/w200-h150/IMG_2972.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></span></div><div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 40px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">Banning visitors altogether <br /></h3><h3 style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal">Many of Thailand’s islands have been suffering from overtourism resulting in polluted beaches and damage to reefs and marine eco-
systems. Among the worst affected is Koh Tachai which only has space for around 70
visitors, but<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can draw crowds of 1000
at a time. </li></ul><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">In 2016 the Thai Parks Department closed the island indefinitely to visitors
to enable it to recover. It also brought in numerous regulations as to
how, when and where tour operators may visit other islands. More recently it
has also placed a ban on Maya Beach on Koh Phi Phi Leh Island where 80% of
coral has been damaged by irresponsible snorkelers.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: left;">Access to Fox and Franz
Joseph Glaciers in NZ has recently been discontinued because continued access by helicopter to
their ski fields contributes to global warming. <br /> <br /></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: left;">Barriers are being installed at <a href="https://www.destinationtips.com/videos/10-touristic-places-that-banned-tourism/," target="_blank">Stonehenge</a> to prevent deterioration of this Stone Age site. Imagine, <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/stonehenge-visitors-used-be-handed-chisels-take-home-souvenirs-180949976/" target="_blank">until the 1900</a>s,
visitors were even given chisels, so that they could take a piece of it home! </li></ul></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: left;">Public access to the <a href="https://www.destinationtips.com/videos/10-touristic-places-that-banned-tourism/" target="_blank">Lascaux Caves </a>in France has been banned since 1963, to prevent further deterioration of
its 17,000 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-year- old artwork. <br /></li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 6.24pt; text-align: left;">In Australia, the Aboriginal
owners of Uluru -temporarily called Ayers Rock by Europeans, and a most sacred
site to Indigenous People, have now banned visitors from climbing upon it, much
to the chagrin of some segments of the non – indigenous population. </li></ul></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Protecting Local Culture</h2>
</div><div style="text-align: left;">As we’ve seen in the
previous post, many of the new rules about sustainability include interpretation
and explanation of local culture and perhaps a visit to a village, trying local produce<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> or watching a dance </span>or a demonstration of local crafts. One
young dancer I met at such an event in Vanuatu, told me that he used to scorn
his local traditions, but the tourist interest has revived his own and kindled
pride in them.</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> In Australia, the acknowledgement of country and prior Aboriginal custodianship of the land now precedes any public event.<br /><br /></li><li>On entry to <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/regenerative-tourism-new-zealand" target="_blank">New Zealand</a> all visitors must take the Māori pledge to protect, respect
and nurture indigenous culture and land. Under its new <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/regenerative-tourism-new-zealand" target="_blank">Regenerative Tourism Program</a> it seeks to enlist the help of tourists in regeneration and protection of its
natural and cultural assets. <br />
<br /></li><li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>In Bhutan,
visitors may only go with appointed tour guides to a handful of pre -approved locations.
This protects local people from the undue influence of foreigners and
exposure to undesirable behaviour. In consequence, there is no begging, no
haggling or harassment by hawkers along tourist routes as you might find<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in some other countries. <br /><br />The national dress
has not yet been replaced by jeans and sneakers and you won’t see the degree
of convergence which has occurred in other countries in the form of global food
chains, clothing brands or even architecture.<br /><br /></li><li>Fines have been introduced in
several countries for loud, loutish, disrespectful or drunken behaviour. A
young Australian man was recently arrested in <a href=" https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-20/23yo-noosa-man-s-detention-in-indonesia-extended/102332140 " target="_blank">Indonesia</a> for drunken, offensive
and dangerous behaviour which caused injury to a resident. He must now pay hefty compensation to the victim's family.</li></ul></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>For the benefit of long-suffering neighbours and home owners
alike, Air BnB has put a ban on ‘wild’ parties and in <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/regenerative-tourism-new-zealand" target="_blank">France</a>, <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/regenerative-tourism-new-zealand" target="_blank">the UK</a>, <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/regenerative-tourism-new-zealand" target="_blank">Canada</a> and the<a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/regenerative-tourism-new-zealand" target="_blank"> USA</a> it no longer rents entire houses to young
people near their homes. Badly behaved guests of any age are unlikely to get a second booking anywhere.</li></ul></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Cultural Appropriation is
set to become a new battleground. This includes using traditional designs
without permission or copyright, or wearing clothing or body art which belongs
to another culture. An <a href=" https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/eat/extraordinary-row-erupts-over-aussies-nyc-sushi-restaurant/news-story/bf8be89fa6d1d498633c9a37d5d7f616" target="_blank">Australian café </a>owner in New York was recently called out on social media for
selling “Australian Sushi.” </li></ul></div></div><div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><h2 style="text-align: left;">Reducing Pressure on Housing</h2></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><h2></h2></div><p class="MsoNormal">With holiday rentals attracting higher returns than conventional rentals, they have become a common investment vehicle in many countries, leaving those seeking permanent accommodation out in the cold. Residents also complain about being forced out because of rising property prices or because holiday letting brings an influx of strangers into their neighbourhood. <br /><br />Air BnB with 100,000 towns and cities on its books and being active in 220 countries, has become a prime target of such complaints. In addition conventional accommodation establishments complain about losing business and governments are also displeased because short term
rentals usually pay less tax than other accommodation providers do. </p><p class="MsoNormal">This has
resulted in various restrictions being placed on private housing being used for tourism purposes. In some cases Air BnB has co -operated in making it less stressful for host communities.<br /></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><a href=" https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/083115/top-cities-where-airbnb-legal-or-illegal.asp." target="_blank">Barcelona</a> removed some 2,577 listing in 2018 and has added
onerous licensing requirements along with large fines for violations.
Amsterdam has restricted short term rentals to 30 days per year. </li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><a href=" https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/083115/top-cities-where-airbnb-legal-or-illegal.asp." target="_blank">Paris </a>which has over 60, 000 Air BnBs -among the largest
number of listings in the world, has introduced heavy fines<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- up to <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">€</span> 25,000 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for people who set up second dwellings specifically
for short term rentals.
</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><a href=" https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/083115/top-cities-where-airbnb-legal-or-illegal.asp." target="_blank">New York</a> has introduced new laws which amount to a virtual
ban on short term rentals. </li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><a href=" https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/083115/top-cities-where-airbnb-legal-or-illegal.asp." target="_blank">San Francisco </a>only allows fulltime residents to let out
parts of their home and limits this to 90 days a year, with fines of $US 484
per day for violations. They must also obtain a business licence.
</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal">Perhaps the most draconian measures <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have been implemented by the <a href="https://www.santamonica.gov/press/2019/12/10/settlement-with-airbnb-guarantees-compliance-with-home-sharing-ordinance">City of Santa Monica</a>. In it has eliminated around 80% of its Air BnB listings.
It has also secured a number of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>concessions from Air BnB itself.</li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Only genuine home -sharing is allowed – that is, the host
must remain on the premises. Only one home may be listed per host and for no
more than 31 days. Air BnB is responsible for ensuring that that is the case, and
for removing illegal listings. It must also collect and pay the city a $2 tax for each
night booked. </p>
<h1>How to be a welcome guest</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is a lovely post in Lonely Planet, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/mindful-travel " target="_blank">“How to be a Mindful Traveller“</a> which
stresses many of the following points but also talks about travel being a state of mind, if
you want to get the most out of your trip. </p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Go Off – Peak and Off Beat.
As the <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/regenerative-tourism-new-zealand" target="_blank">New Zealand travel industry advises</a>, “Don’t follow the Herd” to tourist hotspots. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/new-zealand-social-influence-campaign" target="_blank">Bloggers, Travel Writers and Instagrammers</a> also have a responsibility here. [Guilty as charged]. Many are already directing people towards lesser known and more sustainable destinations. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Travel Low and Slow and
stay longer</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dig deeper. Read up on
your destination so you don’t cause offence and understand some of it's history. There's a good reason why no one wants to discuss politics in some places or you shouldn't be walking around bareheaded in a temple. See for example what it means to
be a good Traveller in <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/things-to-know-before-traveling-to-thailand" target="_blank">Thailand</a>. Lonely Planet has lots of tips like this but you may need to sign in.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Learn at least a few key
phrases such as “Please," “Thank you” and “I’m Sorry,” lest you accidentally spill your drink or bump someone.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>It goes without saying that you should follow the laws and customs
in the countries you are in. <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">As
we’ve seen, travel is important for all kinds of reasons. It can draw countries together
and enrich them, but we must do it much more mindfully if
we want to be able to keep doing it.</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b>BingChat has been helpful, but you still need to check everything. You'll notice that I've also been experimenting with AI generated artwork. All
opinions,
mistakes, random thoughts and typos are my own. I know many of us travel to be with family at this time of year and have no choice but to fly, so next time I'll include an article from <i>The Conversation</i> about how to cut your emissions when you do. Coming soon:" A Cultural Landscape"<br /></b></p></div>
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</div></div>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-38462454375573684302023-11-13T05:17:00.016+11:002023-11-18T18:04:21.051+11:00The Future of Tourism 2 – Going Greener <div><div><div><div><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbpISMfAzzcplw_gr2EwRGPGGMWwkhgtRtHAqCpJcKktAPQN4Vq3OO3kIeTdrHEKhDnkwJO3zjf_e0_CIweqHDJ4mJOzlEFb23fEGyYn5dBS_AveK9Gwkg2ErPBDvKWFK7kEU3rWHZrE1_CJ7ltYbEF1-k7OGVewibPsvjMYFj3_aksgSPAkH/s1280/leaf-1001679_1280.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbpISMfAzzcplw_gr2EwRGPGGMWwkhgtRtHAqCpJcKktAPQN4Vq3OO3kIeTdrHEKhDnkwJO3zjf_e0_CIweqHDJ4mJOzlEFb23fEGyYn5dBS_AveK9Gwkg2ErPBDvKWFK7kEU3rWHZrE1_CJ7ltYbEF1-k7OGVewibPsvjMYFj3_aksgSPAkH/w640-h426/leaf-1001679_1280.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">-Image by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/stevepb-282134/" target="_blank">Steve Buissinne</a> per <a href="https://pixabay.com/" target="_blank">Pixabay</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">The Challenge</h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Many individuals, environmental groups and others have long been aware of the impact which tourism is having on the environment. In consequence, far -sighted tourist operators have begun to improve their practices.<br /></span><br /> By way of example, here are some of the things which Norwegian Shipping company <a href="https://www.hurtigruten.com.au/sustainability-hurtigruten-norway/#sea-zero" target="_blank">Hurtigruten </a>(Viking) which conducts cruises and tours in sensitive places such as the Svarlberg Peninsula and the Arctic, has been doing to ensure that it will remain in business in future. Recognising that shipping in general and cruise ships in particular, are responsible for a large share of global emissions as well as other environmental damage such as pollution, it has been working hard to minimise its impact and be emission free by 2050. According to its <a href="https://www.hurtigruten.com/group/sustainability/reports/esg/2021/#impact-on-nature" target="_blank">annual Sustainability Report:</a><br /><br />· It has not used the heavy bunker fuels which contribute disproportionately to emissions, since 2009.<br /><br />· It uses shore power from renewable sources whenever it is in port.<br /><br />· Starting in 2016 it has been progressively converting its fleet to battery hybrid powered electric operation. It uses an electric bus to carry its passengers onshore and silent, emission -free battery powered snowmobiles for onshore excursions. This avoids disturbance of wildlife. It is also commissioning a silent, hybrid sightseeing vessels for the same reason.<br /><br />· It has banned single use plastic and complies with global standards regarding no dumping of garbage from ships<br /><br />· It has reduced food waste and produces its own water through on board salinisation and purification. It also has a state -of -the art Waste Water treatment plant<br /><br />· It contributes to scientific research and educates its tour guests about nature, culture and the environment and making conscious choices to protecting them. They also monitor seabird and penguin populations and report Cloud Observations and Algal Blooms<br /><br />· Its latest ships have laser leak detection equipment which they use to report all oil pollution detected from land or sea,to the relevant authorities.<br /><br />· Its seven coastal vessels provide emission – free transport 600,000 tonnes of goods many thousands of kilometres which would otherwise be going over land by truck<br /><br />· It collaborates with others with regard to making its operations greener and to protect Arctic and Antarctic waters.</p><p>Read also how <a href="http://stayplasticfree.com/" target="_blank">Edition Hotels</a> are leading the charge on going plastic free - no more plastic water bottles, no plastic shampoo bottles, plastic straws, keycards, toothbrushes or plastic min bar stock and what a difference that will make. To date it has eliminated 397,000 plastic cups and 9,000 plastic bottles.</p><p>There are even <a href="https://blog.se.com/buildings/building-management/2021/05/03/net-zero-carbon-hotels-making-hotels-of-the-future-a-reality-today/" target="_blank">Carbon Zero hotels</a> which seek to reduce their emissions by using natural materials or low carbon materials in their construction or operation. Cement and steel for example, are very Carbon intensive, whereas timber, bamboo or recycled materials are much less so. As far as reducing operating operational emissions go, this can be done by using renewable energy or adding energy -saving measures such as LED lighting or sensors to control light and heat. The third way is by offsetting which means by funding projects which reduce emissions elsewhere such as carbon capture e.g. planting trees, or renewable energy projects. To find out why it's so essential for hotels to reduce their impact, read more <a href="https://blog.se.com/buildings/building-management/2021/05/03/net-zero-carbon-hotels-making-hotels-of-the-future-a-reality-today/" target="_blank">here.</a><br /></p><p>Unfortunately, until recently there has been little consistency in this process. There has been a scattergun approach without uniform standards and no way to compare or measure overall effectiveness, particularly in the case of off -sets. <br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Pathways to Change<br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"></h3><p>In 2021 at the COP 26 Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, 700 delegates signed The Glasgow Declaration pledging to reduce their climate impact by 50% by 2050.</p><p style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MSAnJH8CxVo?si=JZ4wk_ehdc2DI5z5" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe> </p><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"></h3><p>A collaboration between UN agencies and environmental organisations such as the Rainforest Alliance, led to the establishment of the <a href="https://www.gstcouncil.org/about/" target="_blank">Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) </a>– a non – profit organisation based in the USA to establish some
common standards and definitions, to provide training and to vet
accreditation providers within countries. </p><p>It defines Sustainable Tourism
as follows:</p><p>“<a href="https://www.gstcouncil.org/what-is-sustainable-tourism/" target="_blank">Sustainable Tourism</a> refers to sustainable practices in and by the tourism industry. It is an aspiration to acknowledge all impacts of tourism, both positive and negative. It aims to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive ones.” It also mentions the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and the importance of finding a suitable balance. <br /><br />The overall goals for sustainability have been set by the UN and cover four broad areas. <br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Sustainable Management</p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Socioeconomic impacts</p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cultural Impacts </p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Environmental impacts
including consumption of resources, managing pollution, conservation, protection
of biodiversity and landscapes.)</p><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<br /> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bxwTSUA7PdI?si=4yHmAWfVIuV_RUHE" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">There
are two main sets of criteria. One is for Tourist Operators and Accommodation Providers.
The other is for Destinations and is primarily intended for policy -makers and
destination managers. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;"></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">The Program for Tourist Operators</h3>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">The
program requires Accommodation Providers and Tourist Operators to report on many aspects of their business such as where they
are getting their water and electricity, how they are managing their waste,
whether they offer vegan dishes and what they are doing to protect the
environment, as well as making sure that their local community benefits as
well. Food and other services must be purchased locally where possible and from
sustainable sources. It includes providing a showcase for local culture and artwork and receiving feedback from visitors. You can see the full
requirements <a href="https://www.gstcouncil.org/gstc-criteria/" target="_blank">here</a>. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">The Program for Destinations </h3><div style="text-align: left;">Globally some 200 cities have now been recognised by the
<a href="http://GSTC.">GSTC.</a> You can see the list of this year’s winners <a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/most-sustainable-cities-in-the-world-2023" target="_blank">here</a> and also why they were
selected. Though Gothenburg was the overall winner, several other Scandinavian cities were also in the top ten, along with Ireland, France, Scotland and cities such as Singapore and Goyang (South
Korea).
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Eco – Tourism </h3>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><a href="https://www.gstcouncil.org/what-is-sustainable-tourism/ " target="_blank">Eco– Tourism</a> is a Subsection within the Sustainable Travel category and is primarily
about tourism activities which occur in a natural environment. </p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">While
the list for meeting Eco – accreditation is similar to that for other operators
that is -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it includes protecting the
natural environment, education, involving the local community and promoting local
culture, it is even more stringent. In Australia, <a href="https://www.ecotourism.org.au/" target="_blank">Eco Tourism </a>is the
accrediting agency. A non -profit, its list of requirements also includes the following:
</p>
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>There must be
interpretation and education about natural and cultural values</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>There must be a
contribution to conservation, education and combating Climate Change</div></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>The business must involve
local communities in supply of resources and provision of employment</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cultural Respect and
Sensitivity. This requires knowledge of Traditional Ownership and sites of
cultural significance, Consultation and Training and Permission<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>deliver and determine accuracy of information</div></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Promotion of Indigenous
goods, services, with emphasis on authenticity and, respect to copyright,
patent and intellectual property rights</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Suppliers must also work
towards emission reduction, collaboration and making a positive contribution to
their local community</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Structures must be
environmentally sensitive and aesthetic</div>
<h3 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: left;"> Verification</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is initial
verification and inspection every three years and operators must show
continuous improvement. Those who become accredited receive a badge which they
may display on advertising and listings. There is also city section. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">How do we find Sustainable Travel?</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">In
short, with difficulty. So far, very few tourist
enterprises seem to have this type of accreditation. Of the mainstream booking
agencies e.g. TripAdvisor, Viator etc. only <a href="https://www.booking.com/searchresults.en-gb.html? " target="_blank">Bookings.com</a>. seems to make any
reference to sustainability at all. Booking's Leaf rating system conveys at glance what level of "greeness" could be expected and its 34 point checklist covers much of the same ground as the GSTC. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">It’s
a great pity that more of the international booking agencies aren’t doing this
as they could very quickly drive the sustainability process forward. Tourist
enterprises should be boasting about their efforts to be more sustainable in
the same way as they now boast about having WIFI or Tea and Coffee – Making Facilities.
How hard would it be to add another box – “Green Initiatives”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which opens in the same way that Amenities
does and displays what they are doing to
reduce their impact? </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"> Others
continue to use various other Accreditation Schemes which are already in place.
The <a href=" https://www.viator.com/tours/Barcelona/Three-Countries-in-One-Day-France-Andorra-and-Spain-from-Barcelona/d562-3142THREECOUNTRIES" target="_blank">Viator</a> Badge of Excellence for example, is all about the visitor experience. Similarly, Australia and Tasmania use a
Quality Tourism Program which is run by the <a href="https://www.qualitytourismaustralia.com/home/accreditation/" target="_blank">Tourist Industry Council</a>.
Established over 20 years ago, it too is more concerned about visitor impressions than the environmental impact of a facility or service. While
the logo does appear on a number of listings and this agency also has subsections
which include Sustainability and an Eco -Star
Program, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">they are not yet a common feature. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">Like
the GSTC it also has annual <a href="https://www.toptourismtowns.com.au/ " target="_blank">Top Town Awards</a> for towns of varying size, though
again, these are based on amenities on offer, rather than on environmental
performance. </p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">Perhaps I shouldn't too judge too harshly. It is early days in the Sustainability Project and in addition to making changes, there's a fee involved in the accreditation process and it takes quite a long time to get it. <br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Lack of Promotion</h3>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">I
noticed too, while in New Zealand, that many Hostels were doing the right thing –
few still had single use plastic, nearly all had recycling facilities and
compost bins etc, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(some in Chile too),
but this fact wasn't well advertised. Hostels
particularly should advertise such things more as many young people travel and are often already very concerned about the environment. They could subsequently play a powerful role in engaging their peers and families to do likewise.<br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">For tourist operators it is an opportunity to differentiate
their product, especially when other factors such as cost and location are similar. <a href="https://globalnews.booking.com/bookingcoms-2021-sustainable-travel-report-affirms-potential-watershed-moment-for-industry-and-consumers/" target="_blank">Environmentally conscious travellers</a> also tend to stay longer and spend
more and surveys show that they are also willing to suffer a little
inconvenience in the interests of reducing their impact. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"> Aiming
for sustainable tourism is a big plus for <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/the-growth-paradox-can-tourism-ever-be-sustainable" target="_blank">host communities</a> too. The emphasis on
supporting local suppliers and services means that more tourist dollars stay
within the community, whereas at present, only as little as 5%- 10% stays in
places where it is spent. </p>
<h3 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;"> How Travellers Can Help</h3>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Making better choices.
Reward the operators who are trying hard. Book with accredited agencies which
have shown Green Credentials, or choose from some of those below</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Verifying that those who claim
to be Green are in fact doing what they say they are doing. Many schemes rely
on self – reporting</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Gently asking those which aren’t, what they are doing about Sustainability. Ask
for instance if they are considering adding water saving toilets or showers or
alternatives to single use plastics and bottled water. Be kind. Some places
simply aren’t in a position to do more than they are doing, but by asking you
are moving sustainability forward. Give feedback and especially positive feedback
about any efforts made</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Stay with small family run
places, rather than the big chains. Eat local. Buy local. Contribute if you can</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span face=""Segoe UI",sans-serif" style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Set a good example. Use little. Don’t be extravagant with water
or other resources or insist on daily cleaning and towel changes. You might think that the latter couldn't possibly make a difference, yet as reported in<a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/how-to-travel-sustainably" target="_blank"> Lonely Planet</a> the ACCOR Hotel group has planted 17,000 trees on local farms with the money saved by guests doing this. Turn off lights you aren’t using. </p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">Beware of <a href="https://www.globalecotourismnetwork.org/what-it-is-not-ecotourism/" target="_blank">Greenwash</a>. Many places claim to be Eco – friendly for example, because they happen to involve
nature, but aren’t necessarily so. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><h2>Resources:</h2>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">As far as
Eco Tourism goes, there are several well - established agencies such as Contiki
or Intrepid which do small group Tours as sustainably as possible. <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/category/sustainable-travel?page=5" target="_blank">Lonely Planet </a>offers some useful suggestions for more Sustainable Travel on its website such as great train journeys and has its own list of <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/best-sustainable-cities" target="_blank">environmentally -friendly cities</a> and has a lot of tips on <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/how-to-travel-sustainably">travelling more sustainably.</a> For Australia Eco - Tourism publishes a <a href="https://www.ecotourism.org.au/" target="_blank">Green Travel Guide</a>. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The following list of Greener Tourism organisations has been
generated by Bing Chat. I have no affiliation nor personal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>experience with them. Nor do I receive any compensation
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- monetary or otherwise.</p>
<ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Responsible Travel</span></b>: This company has been
leading the way in eco-friendly holidays since 2001. They offer a wide
range of trips that are designed to have a positive impact on local
communities and the environment.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AndBeyond</span></b>: This luxury sustainable safari tour
operator is committed to conservation and community development. They
offer tours in Africa, Asia, and South America.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Intrepid Travel</span></b>: This company offers small
group tours that are designed to have a positive impact on local
communities and the environment. They have a range of initiatives in place
to ensure their trips are sustainable.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Seacology</span></b>: This non-profit organization is
dedicated to preserving island ecosystems and cultures around the world.
They work with local communities to develop conservation programs that
benefit both people and nature.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Undiscovered Mountains</span></b>: This company offers
adventure holidays in France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Canada. They
are committed to responsible tourism and have a range of initiatives in
place to ensure their trips are sustainable.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">G Adventures</span></b>: This company offers small group
tours that are designed to have a positive impact on local communities and
the environment. They have a range of initiatives in place to ensure their
trips are sustainable.</li></ol>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"> Next time we'll look at what is being done about some of the other less desirable aspects of tourism. I'll try to keep this fairly short as there's something more upbeat and exciting I want to tell you about. I don't think any of us want to think about possible restrictions on our freedom to travel, but it needn't be that way.<br /></p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-17257817180077603642023-11-05T11:34:00.033+11:002023-11-13T10:02:17.208+11:00The Future of Tourism – 1 Tourism’s Long Shadow<p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1JcF6ydwMLfuCLAUPGCOyWcbJy3Gx1AF_c1qrnD-w0IaDHQc1SAenAj-eHlGjNMbaAcjkoKOW_CsoHdB2bVB_UmSksSCRAkvKd3wEFLhVSh50neA0Q40VGtDWgpUtcemUuJV9dBtdvc5CKRoUF8BCMJLAhbYgLvsymcoypN8kddNlxPGokukV/s728/Torism%20Definition.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="728" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1JcF6ydwMLfuCLAUPGCOyWcbJy3Gx1AF_c1qrnD-w0IaDHQc1SAenAj-eHlGjNMbaAcjkoKOW_CsoHdB2bVB_UmSksSCRAkvKd3wEFLhVSh50neA0Q40VGtDWgpUtcemUuJV9dBtdvc5CKRoUF8BCMJLAhbYgLvsymcoypN8kddNlxPGokukV/w640-h364/Torism%20Definition.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Tourism can be very beneficial. For individuals it can provide
a welcome break from normal routines and bring enjoyment, exercise, relaxation or
mental stimulation according to their needs. Communities and countries benefit
too, because tourism can create employment, introduce new ideas and bring in foreign
exchange – sometimes the only source of revenue in poor countries for the goods
and services they need. It can also promote good will and understanding. <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Unfortunately
it can also contribute to Climate Change and have a negative impact on residents
and local cultures. For the moment we will focus on the Climate Change aspect
because this affects the whole world, including ourselves and the places we’d
like to see. In the second part of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Future
of Tourism, we' ll talk about ways in which at least some of those issues are being tackled. <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8VO193Fqx60?si=lHoT_lnpbkV9aCGJ" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><h1>Long Distance Travel <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Air and Sea</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Unfortunately, the very definition of Tourism implies some
kind of transport and conventional transport based on fossil fuels is one of
the major contributors to global warming. In Australia it is<a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/transport-emissions-and-climate-solutions/" target="_blank"> second largest source of emissions</a> after power generation. A <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/booming-tourism-emits-8-percent-of-greenhouse-gases-study-shows/" target="_blank">2018 study</a> found that tourism accounted for 8% of global green house emissions, four times more than the previous estimated with most of that coming from transport. It is also set to rise even further in future as incomes rise in hitherto poorer countries and their citizens also want to travel. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Despite advances in Electric Planes, Biofuels and
other innovations, little progress has been made with respect to <a href="https://www.veronikawild.com/2022/01/the-future-of-air-travel-1-story-so-far.html" target="_blank">long distance travel</a> since I last wrote about it in January 2022. One of the glimmers of hope on the horizon is Eviation’s <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/07/17/eviation-rolls-out-100-electric-airplane-alices-production-version/" target="_blank">“Alice,“</a> the first commuter -size electric plane which is able to cover distances up to 650 km. It is currently going through its paces in order to be certified by 2024. Quieter, cleaner
and cheaper to run than conventional planes, it is capable of carrying 200
passengers. However, it will still be some time before it’s available for use by the general
public. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the Electric Ferry Department, Tasmania’s very
own Incat has just
delivered the <a href="https://incat.com.au/australian-shipbuilder-incat-tasmania-to-deliver-the-worlds-largest-battery-electric-ship/ " target="_blank">world’s largest electric ferry</a>, though it’s not yet capable of
doing the 250 -300 km across Bass Strait. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bass Strait can be rough with waves up to 30m (100”) high, so only the largest, toughest ships can make it on a
regular basis, though in future Green Hydrogen or new battery technology may
make emission free travel <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>possible. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We can only dream of building a tunnel like the one being built under the Baltic Sea between <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/fehmarnbelt-longest-immersed-tunnel-cmd/index.html" target="_blank">Denmark and Germany</a>, but if it could be built and was built at the rate the Channel Tunnel was, it would take 70 years. </p><p class="MsoNormal">In the meantime, airlines are doing their best to reduce their emissions
by using advanced flying techniques, using biofuels where possible, eliminating unnecessary weight and using
carbon offsets, though none of these make up for the emissions actually produced, much less the anticipated increase in traffic. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Roboto;">T</span>he Offset Mirage </h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Offsets were to be used only as a last resort for emissions
which couldn’t be remedied in any other way. To understand why they aren’t as effective as they were supposed to be, read <a href="https://theconversation.com/there-arent-enough-trees-in-the-world-to-offset-societys-carbon-emissions-and-there-never-will-be-158181" target="_blank">The Conversation </a>article on <a href="https://theconversation.com/there-arent-enough-trees-in-the-world-to-offset-societys-carbon-emissions-and-there-never-will-be-158181" target="_blank">this topic</a> or the in -depth expose by <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/10/23/the-great-cash-for-carbon-hustle " target="_blank">Heidi Blake in the New Yorker</a>. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The author of this post in the <a href="https://engineeringethicsblog.blogspot.com/2023/10/carbon-indulgences-south-pole-scandal.html" target="_blank">Engineering Ethics Blog</a> likens it to the indulgences paid to the Catholic church for forgiveness of sins, in that the payment of funds to some accreditation concern or other, seems to mean that companies - especially large emitters, make little or no effort to reduce their emissions at all.<br /><br /> Countries 'girt by sea' as Australia is or isolated in other ways, such as Bhutan is, must work much harder to reduce their carbon footprint in other ways, if they want the tourism gravy train to continue. </p><p class="MsoNormal">We can also reduce our own impact in a number of ways: <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Travelling less and travelling
shorter distances– start with our own state or region and then look to our
neighbours, before going further afield. </p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Direct flights help too, in
that take- off and landing require much more fuel than cruising, </p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Aim for destinations
where public transport, especially electrified public transport and active transport
options are available.</div><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Choose Eco, Green or Sustainable
Travel products whose operators seek to reduce their own impact. We’ll talk
more about this in the next post.</p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Keep your own impact as
small as possible <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– don’t litter, don’t buy
plastic water bottles or food in disposable plastic containers </p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 80px; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Offset if you have no other
option, but make sure that whoever is offering them is really doing what they
say they are doing – planting trees, conserving nature, investing in renewable
energy and so on, or better still, focus on projects within your own locality or your destination where you can see the difference. You could also reduce your carbon footprint in some other way, such as walking or cycling to work </p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> Land -Based Transport – Trains, Buses, EVs</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Public Transport</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Within and between countries, one of the least damaging ways of moving large numbers of people is
by public transport such as buses, trains, ferries and light rail. Ideally, these too
should be powered by electricity generated by renewables – power generation being
the second largest contributor to Climate Change, however, even when not, they still produce far less CO2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>than the same number of people flying or
travelling by private car.</p><p class="MsoNormal">According to the <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/shifting-gear-the-path-to-cleaner-transport/" target="_blank">Climate Council of Australia</a>, even fossil –
fuel powered <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trains produce 9 times less
than private cars and buses 14 times less. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGsPABu4tV2YNpNiYUuoodjh855LdkXNFHmgKw4yUtbWr3OoJ1Hcl0dh0KO93yE_crwNTo_9gZxWWrSB5rOICHSLj8-0FUXMPak1kS1pD6hwhzEBbTrX7GS-MBQ1gq5sQRDRTGrM8xerm8mhyphenhyphenMlQBM77_NbzemQn91c7SrObYfnQADmHqpebi/s1050/IST-Emissions-and-Size-B.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="1050" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGsPABu4tV2YNpNiYUuoodjh855LdkXNFHmgKw4yUtbWr3OoJ1Hcl0dh0KO93yE_crwNTo_9gZxWWrSB5rOICHSLj8-0FUXMPak1kS1pD6hwhzEBbTrX7GS-MBQ1gq5sQRDRTGrM8xerm8mhyphenhyphenMlQBM77_NbzemQn91c7SrObYfnQADmHqpebi/w640-h406/IST-Emissions-and-Size-B.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Comparison of carbon and space footprint of various types of transport. Note the Victorian Grid referred to is currently mostly powered by coal, hence the almost identical emissions profile for Teslas and conventional cars in that case <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>-This graphic is kindly reprinted with permission from the <a href="https://sensibletransport.org.au/what-we-do/" target="_blank">Institute for Sensible Transport</a> (see more under Active Travel)</b> </span> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The poster child for Public Transport using renewable energy
is currently <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/all-electric-trains-in-the-netherlands-are-now-100-powered-by-wind-energy" target="_blank">The Netherlands</a> which has been powering its trains entirely by
wind energy since 2017<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and provides
carbon neutral travel for 600,000 passengers a day.
One wind turbine can power a train for 200 km. Another interesting example if on a much smaller scale, is
the <a href="https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=aa3423c28282b076JmltdHM9MTY5OTA1NjAwMCZpZ3VpZD0wNGI0MDQ1NS1iYTFlLTYyMDItMDNmMC0wYmJkYmI5NzYzMTgmaW5zaWQ9NTI0OA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=04b40455-ba1e-6202-03f0-0bbdbb976318&psq=Byron+bays%2c+Solar+Train&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9ieXJvbmJheS5jb20vZXhwZXJpZW5jZXMvYnlyb24tc29sYXItdHJhaW4v&ntb=1" target="_blank">Byron Bay Solar Train</a> in Australia. A world first, it uses curved mirrors
to on its roof to generate electricity and can store enough for 15 runs at a
time. A non -profit enterprise, it operates 364 days of the year and can carry 100 passengers per trip. </p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3ZU6Uh8fV7Q?si=kWcPXLyWg-Syv3ef" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"> <br />There are considerable efforts underway throughout Europe to
encourage people to use trains instead of short haul flights. <a href="https://www.ecotourism.org.au/blog/should-we-feel-guilty-about-flying," target="_blank">Flight shaming</a>
seems to be working well among those who are even slightly environmentally conscious. <a href="https://www.airport-technology.com/comment/france-bans-domestic-flights/" target="_blank">France</a> has gone a step further. It has banned domestic flights to
some destinations which take less than two and a half hours to reach by train. Germany
does it by issuing <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/02/germany-cuts-fares-for-long-distance-rail-travel-in-response-to-climate-crisis" target="_blank">cheap tickets </a>for long distance journeys and more recently, cheap day passes which offer unlimited travel on any type of public
transport – trains, buses and trams.<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/05/luxembourg-to-become-first-country-to-make-all-public-transport-free" target="_blank"> Luxembourg</a> has made all its public transport free.<br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal">For public transport to work, it must be frequent, reliable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and affordable and requires a relatively high population
density as well as people travelling in the same direction. This is less feasible
in places like Australia where settlement density is low outside the cities and
there is little connectivity beyond a few popular corridors. Public transport in
cities could however, lower our carbon footprint overall and remove much of the
vehicular traffic off the roads in urban areas, leaving personal transportation
largely for people who are unable to use Public Transport or Active Transport
or who live in unserviced<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or rural areas.</p><p class="MsoNormal">It's very short sighted at this stage in human history to be closing rail and bus services (Hobart) because they don't immediately and directly make a profit. It's not about what they cost, but what they enable. The UK for example has just reversed its decision to close many rail ticket offices and is currently <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/moving-ahead-to-reopen-railway-lines-and-stations-including-one-not-used-since-reign-of-king-george-v" target="_blank">reopening railway lines,</a> one of which hadn't been used since the 1930s, in order to 'level up' access for regional communities to jobs, education and family connections and it is proving immensely popular. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> How wonderful would it be if some lines currently used only for freight in Tasmania, such as the one which runs through Railton and trundles along the along the Western Tiers, or the one which used to go from Hobart to Mount Field National Park, were electrified and reopened to passengers? Of course they would need to be much more affordable than they have been in order to compete with cars, but think of the cost savings in other areas such as the continued expansion of and wear and tear on our roads and the boost it could give to domestic tourism. </p><p class="MsoNormal">I don't know how it works elsewhere, but at least part of the problem in this country lies in the fact that local councils are largely responsible for buses, railways are a state responsibility and partly privatised, and the budget for roads comes out of federal petrol taxes. I hope some genius in public office works out a sensible solution soon, or we'll be paying more in loss and damage due to weather related events, than whatever it costs to run public transport. <br /></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Electric Vehicles </h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">Despite their larger environmental footprint, Electric Vehicles (EVs) may be necessary
in many locations, especially in places like Australia, because unlike say, much of Europe or South Korea, distances are greater and populations are too small to support public transport beyond the cities. Though their emissions are lower than those of petrol and diesel vehicles, their true carbon saving potential can't be realised unless they are powered by renewable energy. However, the figure shown in the graphic does not include the embedded emissions used in producing EVs, nor the additional infrastructure required, such as charging stations or the cost of providing additional power supplies needed to run them, but switching to renewables has benefits for local populations as well as tourists. <br /></p><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Switching to Renewable Energy</h3><p class="MsoNormal">At least 11 countries are well on the way to achieving <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/11-countries-leading-the-charge-on-renewable-energy/" target="_blank">100% renewable power supplies</a> including some relatively poor countries such as Costa Rica and Kenya. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/09/france-to-require-all-large-car-parks-to-be-covered-by-solar-panels" target="_blank">France</a> – again, is making it mandatory for
all parking areas for more than 80 vehicles to be covered by solar panels in 3
-5 years. This move alone is expected to generate 11 gigawatts of power,
but it is also looking at building solar arrays on vacant farmland and alongside motorways and railway lines.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/shifting-gear-the-path-to-cleaner-transport/" target="_blank">The Climate Council of Australia</a> has reported extensively on decarbonising the transport sector. A brief summary can be found <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2022-09-13/climate-council-renewables-steps-beat-2030-emissions-targets/101423872" target="_blank">here</a>. <br /></p>
<h2>Active Travel</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the World Bank (2022) and mentioned in the the <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/shifting-gear-the-path-to-cleaner-transport/" target="_blank">Climate Council's Report</a>, one of the quickest ways to significantly reduce transport emissions, is to encourage Active Travel - that is, using bicycles, walking, using e-bikes and scooters and so on, which means prioritising riders and pedestrians over cars. This 'Mode Shift' as its called, not only reduces emissions, but also noise, pollution and congestion. </p><p class="MsoNormal">To this end <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/CC_MVSA0354-CC-Report-Road-to-Personal-Transport_V5-FA-Screen-Single.pdf France is also investing heavily in bicycle infrastruc" target="_blank">France</a> is investing heavily in bicycle infrastructure and training 850,000 schoolchildren to ride. It is also helping people to buy bikes. Other countries and cities are also working on this issue. Belgium pays workers for each kilometre they ride to work. Spain is a also keen to get children into less car -dependent ways by organising "walking buses.' The small city we stayed in in Canada in 1999, already had these as well as internal laneways, which meant that children could walk to school without having to set foot on busy streets.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"></span></p><p> I was very surprised during my recent trip at how popular cycling was becoming as a holiday activity, both in Tasmania and elsewhere. For greater uptake in this country
however, it needs to be made much safer. This means creating more dedicated bike lanes,
away from fast moving traffic. There also needs to be more connectivity and
support between places. More facilities such as showers and secure bike parking at the end of journeys would also make Active Transport more appealing. Protection from extremes of weather including shade on hot days, will become more essential in future. </p><p>Again, as
far as Australia is concerned, the <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/shifting-gear-the-path-to-cleaner-transport/" target="_blank">Climate Council</a> has done a great deal of work on this and governments at all levels -local, state government and federal,
should read it before spending more on roads. Better mobile coverage
is also needed and would benefit local people as well as visitors. </p><p>The <a href="https://sensibletransport.org.au/what-we-do/" target="_blank">Institute for Sensible Transport</a> specialises in making cities more suited to active transport. It
is also part of the global <a href="https://www.wri.org/research/evolution-bike-sharing" target="_blank">bike sharing movement</a> which involves some 2000 cities world wide and has a 'fleet' of 20 million bicycles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Other low emission options include activities such as
sailing, kayaking, horse riding and diving, depending
where and how you go. While regular devotees no doubt know where to find them,
they could also be promoted more.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the 2022 Trend Report by <a href="https://www.gstcouncil.org/booking-com-2022-sustainable-travel-report/" target="_blank">Bookings.com </a>based on the responses of 30,000 travellers in 30 countries, 81% said that sustainable travel was important to them and 71% were actively looking at travelling more sustainably within the next 12 months. We’ll talk
more about Greener Travel in the next post along with ways to reduce other negative impacts of Tourism. </p>
Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-20653148032134476662023-10-26T18:04:00.135+11:002023-11-01T00:41:58.406+11:00 The Art of Photography in the Age of the Selfie<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-lDKrqxXpyFey1hVhr1cE_RsN1-XplcAaLXPy3eAOhdt9DY4H-Yi2R9hU6PO6eCBQpr3S0Vvh-J9_0RMqpzGZAA4mHhFglop0otGDQutEhQKFwLt7ms8WDWhrhMhrXbUB29J5cRa6ShD3VZFuddQMmIGpCoFH7DzTcVimGPqXD7KVPF13bcA/s1024/Shelter_13A1114_Finala.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="683" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-lDKrqxXpyFey1hVhr1cE_RsN1-XplcAaLXPy3eAOhdt9DY4H-Yi2R9hU6PO6eCBQpr3S0Vvh-J9_0RMqpzGZAA4mHhFglop0otGDQutEhQKFwLt7ms8WDWhrhMhrXbUB29J5cRa6ShD3VZFuddQMmIGpCoFH7DzTcVimGPqXD7KVPF13bcA/w426-h640/Shelter_13A1114_Finala.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shelter</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.petewalsh.net/home/about/" target="_blank">Peter Walsh</a> is a Tasmanian Wilderness photographer. I caught up with him at His Ancestral Dreams Exhibition at The Art Society of Tasmania's <a href="https://rediscovertasmania.com.au/listing/see-a-do-hobart/lady-franklin-gallery-and-ancanthe-park/" target="_blank">Lady Franklin Gallery</a> just before I left.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-OWWMFWKehZ-u94E5KthYDYoPoeYR3hasTCtibLxe_uCcR0Xsg1udWJ15I-xGLc0hATosyJQmGMPrR79CwQdbxMWu6DGOuK4g0rCMTXOS0jftgZgiOd4fo5_dVO-buhzWqrTSIHTESoQ3znGAdMUpfsur5W98afVG1olP6dQWSi57MTmU6s9o/s4032/IMG_9299.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-OWWMFWKehZ-u94E5KthYDYoPoeYR3hasTCtibLxe_uCcR0Xsg1udWJ15I-xGLc0hATosyJQmGMPrR79CwQdbxMWu6DGOuK4g0rCMTXOS0jftgZgiOd4fo5_dVO-buhzWqrTSIHTESoQ3znGAdMUpfsur5W98afVG1olP6dQWSi57MTmU6s9o/s320/IMG_9299.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Peter talks about his work<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Peter is passionate about trees. At a time when almost anyone
one can take a picture of what they see, Peter seeks to capture what he feels
when he sees them. Peter is a thoughtful, softly spoken man. He gives me the impression
that he would rather be out among the trees than talking about his work. He
tells me that he is inspired by the words of legendary photographer, Ansel
Adams:</p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 24pt;">“A great photograph is one that fully expresses</span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 24pt;">what one feels, in the deepest sense,</span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 24pt;">about what is being photographed.”</span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">~ Ansel Adams ~</span></p><p>Here's how Peter describes it:</p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p style="margin-left: 72pt;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"I enjoy spending time in the forests of lutruwita/Tasmania. After
a while, plants and trees begin to take on their own identity, a more sentient
presence. The trees often emit an eccentric persona, previously concealed,
perhaps the making of imagination or subconscious memory, but uncannily and
immediately present. It’s hard to ignore. They are curious, commanding,
familial. Sometimes foreboding, always communal. I’ve been left with a deeper
understanding and recognition for the Indigenous reality of family in nature,
kinship in country...."</span></i></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">To explain what he means, Peter shows me a photo in which a fallen tree lies across the
branches of another. This had immediately made him think of <a href=" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" target="_blank">Michelangelo’s
La Pietà </a>- the marble sculpture now in the Vatican, of a sorrowful Mary cradling Christ after he has been taken down from the cross. He shows me the image he means in an Art book.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5vX786HSPH0hLYWoQQolHhOit8WkpIyVRLv_dYpHLtY-tp23wvorjHrgck690a5EFz2o3GszWso3bUeFAilKere9ZutDmO8keui5mIL9mhipcwC9exxq5WhEkiNoLYeKI0Cs_fqIneykRhCDpbRVc8R-EKlpRjoU7ChDrw0GQ6HY5MLZyHsuI/s1024/Holding_13A1495_Finala.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5vX786HSPH0hLYWoQQolHhOit8WkpIyVRLv_dYpHLtY-tp23wvorjHrgck690a5EFz2o3GszWso3bUeFAilKere9ZutDmO8keui5mIL9mhipcwC9exxq5WhEkiNoLYeKI0Cs_fqIneykRhCDpbRVc8R-EKlpRjoU7ChDrw0GQ6HY5MLZyHsuI/w640-h426/Holding_13A1495_Finala.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Holding</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxPUmG7WVAvvnfpfXc4P5hPlVlJeof91A-pkqXns8UecH961MSsGHSjozL9fcH58FjonuYpfwekrzfLqLKaMWvqZEJpVN9wCuHhVBRff228lQBoBd7U9or5RbFnMHPNdGUhTIexGpb0YZGW_aY-Di1Ggv6VjGegtVTmV4JSjIXKc-BwdgiuSf/s800/5992856909_c3a799321d_c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxPUmG7WVAvvnfpfXc4P5hPlVlJeof91A-pkqXns8UecH961MSsGHSjozL9fcH58FjonuYpfwekrzfLqLKaMWvqZEJpVN9wCuHhVBRff228lQBoBd7U9or5RbFnMHPNdGUhTIexGpb0YZGW_aY-Di1Ggv6VjGegtVTmV4JSjIXKc-BwdgiuSf/w640-h480/5992856909_c3a799321d_c.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">This photo of La Pieta is by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dalbera/" target="_blank">Jean -Pierre Dalbera <br /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In another work there is a tree which appears to be supporting its companion. This pair reminded Peter of Jack Levine's 1962 painting <a href="https://03varvara.wordpress.com/2011/06/14/jack-levine-the-last-waltz-1962/jack-levine-the-last-waltz-1962/" target="_blank">“The Last Waltz.”</a> The last Waltz was in reference to the fact that these trees were in a coup that was to be logged. However, fate - possibly in the form of the <a href="https://bobbrown.org.au/campaigns/native-forests/#" target="_blank">Bob Brown Foundation,</a> intervened, and they were spared. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRVi12lUuNCicNJP68XpwjpC1eZ2xAp3uaIkmZXPKL5JZwPUHm4U183sXvc0__218kpWkqRZaoWAg69gXXePXj1t_cIR8QfWPrSDfgr1wTbShlhtL8nAyDGyfU3pvLV5fwPbJQj_5LIP0_sU9O2tgExFfPVvKEZc9XbmIUgUqrlgGOjTBfdDB9/s1024/Last%20Walts%20_32A4647_Final.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="682" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRVi12lUuNCicNJP68XpwjpC1eZ2xAp3uaIkmZXPKL5JZwPUHm4U183sXvc0__218kpWkqRZaoWAg69gXXePXj1t_cIR8QfWPrSDfgr1wTbShlhtL8nAyDGyfU3pvLV5fwPbJQj_5LIP0_sU9O2tgExFfPVvKEZc9XbmIUgUqrlgGOjTBfdDB9/w426-h640/Last%20Walts%20_32A4647_Final.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Last Waltz<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyvguqKZlKVUGjiIAcMwdYW4Q9_XA3SIKoRQPB-vyfzbiNL5TTofrt3QPvjl4VpAagY_UKA6Oauh-uHQRGduA64rtxBUkxEeV9VzLHMnogb-Tbq6edPojPQIcaNm5RA2I2_6WJMXPNDnsCIrduRG4m5CX9lgPiZx7PuP-3BmcT6cZD7ROF7lW9/s1024/2nd%20version%20_13A1487_Finala.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="683" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyvguqKZlKVUGjiIAcMwdYW4Q9_XA3SIKoRQPB-vyfzbiNL5TTofrt3QPvjl4VpAagY_UKA6Oauh-uHQRGduA64rtxBUkxEeV9VzLHMnogb-Tbq6edPojPQIcaNm5RA2I2_6WJMXPNDnsCIrduRG4m5CX9lgPiZx7PuP-3BmcT6cZD7ROF7lW9/w426-h640/2nd%20version%20_13A1487_Finala.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Genesis<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">While there is an air of tragedy about many of these images, as indeed
there is upon seeing some of these ancient trees in our forests -they have survived
so much – centuries of storms, fires, the depredations of loggers and insects, and are now threatened by climate change, but not all the images are sad. One for example, shows a venerable old tree appearing to pass on wisdom to the next generation. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzV_dgtAp1vOls7bvGEDPgeB0-dSpaNX0_3RbGLhiH8KxBLyb7io9DTJV5txrthn8onchmV6RGpFjlppHA2xEyuFjsm0qxzisppGb1bPrrIj1rdJR7tGgS5UOO_7ALRwSN_OOsdmuuRzQH2Zv7HIpTM-d44m5VLfyn4fLVxA6IUkkTsVkBI2s/s1024/_13A0279_Finala.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzV_dgtAp1vOls7bvGEDPgeB0-dSpaNX0_3RbGLhiH8KxBLyb7io9DTJV5txrthn8onchmV6RGpFjlppHA2xEyuFjsm0qxzisppGb1bPrrIj1rdJR7tGgS5UOO_7ALRwSN_OOsdmuuRzQH2Zv7HIpTM-d44m5VLfyn4fLVxA6IUkkTsVkBI2s/w640-h426/_13A0279_Finala.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Genesis</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> Peter’s techniques are unusual too. He<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>renders his images in greyscale on rag and
linen. We aren’t distracted by colourful fungi or glowing mosses. This lays
bare their form and texture and makes them appear very tactile. Touch and
feeling are closely aligned in the English language. For example, we say that’s
touching, when we mean that something moved us emotionally.</p><p>There's another quote which inspires Peter:</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span face=""Aptos",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 107%;">"..isn’t it that one wants a thing
to be as factual as possible, and yet at the same time as deeply suggestive or
deeply unlocking of areas of sensations other than simple illustrating of the
object that you set out to do? isn’t that what art is all about?” - Francis Bacon</span></i></span> </p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 120px; text-align: left;"></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It seems to me that Peter has succeed admirably on both counts. He really does make us feel for these trees, even the sad and broken ones. <br /><br />By the way, I've just found out that this laptop doesn't render things in their true colours. The originals are much more vibrant, so it's best to see them in a gallery if at all possible<br /><br /></span><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 120px; text-align: left;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"> </p><p></p>Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33628084.post-11906899981181771802023-10-24T07:40:00.007+11:002023-10-27T14:38:29.691+11:00Gone Walkabout - Day 6 Tulampanga, Chudleigh and the Last Waterfall (for now) <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL_V12Bq3xNotSRsLtXOHpL2hrdL_EIEPRihDSeiFepOP240lBTvBLQAUMqxZ3tUsOm6qNzbof_-7TX__j3FOvnWzSxKg0gNeLBHQcA-GAo-izVWxKniH6Kj3oknbRMptJKMQo3tkNj3sqVkLk5MR3OStQA4d47tNR5zPM1uWUqzGTG5lqDHLE/s4032/IMG_9527.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL_V12Bq3xNotSRsLtXOHpL2hrdL_EIEPRihDSeiFepOP240lBTvBLQAUMqxZ3tUsOm6qNzbof_-7TX__j3FOvnWzSxKg0gNeLBHQcA-GAo-izVWxKniH6Kj3oknbRMptJKMQo3tkNj3sqVkLk5MR3OStQA4d47tNR5zPM1uWUqzGTG5lqDHLE/w480-h640/IMG_9527.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early morning at Tulampanga (Alum Cliffs)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>At sunrise I continued on to Tulampanga which means Possum Rocks, or Alum Cliffs as it’s
been known. There’s a lookout here which overlooks a spectacular gorge with the Mersey
River far below. Together with Quamby Bluff in the South and Mt. Roland in the East, it forms part of a triangle of significant peaks. </p><p>Although the Pallitoree People
were the custodians of this area, three different Aboriginal Nations came together here, making it an important ceremonial site. It was also part of a network of trails used by many others to access other parts of the island and to obtain a rare ochre which could only be collected by women. The ochre was then ground up and used to decorate the body, for ceremonies, including funeral rites and as an article of trade. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl6aVa6pM7-oatpLhOV3Ds79_3uosj_W-mqPKFQXEBXlsN1SrI4e0kQ7wua6dDQW1vI0gjzgkterATn8fyi99UgeiyvpwHfuyzZ1LBryBYE9jPoRnQZUAr_3dGIJLkCeXlCTCviy-z3MTZXG5K_eG_zocIsITiZmn5tCMrWs98h1xC-491Xv2A/s4032/IMG_9518.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl6aVa6pM7-oatpLhOV3Ds79_3uosj_W-mqPKFQXEBXlsN1SrI4e0kQ7wua6dDQW1vI0gjzgkterATn8fyi99UgeiyvpwHfuyzZ1LBryBYE9jPoRnQZUAr_3dGIJLkCeXlCTCviy-z3MTZXG5K_eG_zocIsITiZmn5tCMrWs98h1xC-491Xv2A/w480-h640/IMG_9518.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A well -formed track leads you to an impressive lookout. It officially takes about 50 minutes<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">I know all this because of the excellent interpretive signage along the trail. There are notes about bush tucka and cultural practices, about the raptors which
also love this place and about the geology – how successive ice ages have carved out this valley. It was altogether a lovely place to sit and
contemplate for a while. I made myself some breakfast in the parking area and then
went on to Chudleigh -The Village of Roses, to search for a waterfall shown on Google
Maps. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwnXLgc8jiYgo54vZf09_9vyCoRMsCrX2HVECVKA8GzA02qACdRXj5n4b5h2xdrTBf3usghSadrqUosRlw9RnaeRB7hm_-L4Q-OWb7t6G0J-cb_MMqhEQgiAkBslqzY-AFGNm8Lw4YvrDTtLYvM_HB9Dic0-NnVn3ftntwlJY71sYUQ_rbRIhA/s4032/IMG_9540.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwnXLgc8jiYgo54vZf09_9vyCoRMsCrX2HVECVKA8GzA02qACdRXj5n4b5h2xdrTBf3usghSadrqUosRlw9RnaeRB7hm_-L4Q-OWb7t6G0J-cb_MMqhEQgiAkBslqzY-AFGNm8Lw4YvrDTtLYvM_HB9Dic0-NnVn3ftntwlJY71sYUQ_rbRIhA/w480-h640/IMG_9540.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At the Honey House in Chudleigh you can see the bees at work as well as taste around forty types of honey<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="text-align: left;">Chudleigh</h3><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Despite driving around the village for a while, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there was no waterfall to be seen. Nor had
there ever been one according to long -time residents whom I asked, though
they did mention a pool. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I consoled myself with a bit of honey tasting at The House of Honey and came away with at least some of my Christmas shopping done. You can
watch bees in their hive here, learn all about bees and buy anything to do with bees or honey including beauty products, beeswax crayons, candles, china and socks, through to children’s
books and confectionery. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo__itUSO9DxTx98uk0wVzmLAN3DcvnYNMLqBwKGbPyWThwtHjCXdyG99JWbOaq0-88-pDYZ7JIuG0p5a4_ndieiFCqZ-evrlr3I5d6yMFRvReSzUBDndOse8VWkCBY3YqbbQmH64zAUbLkZgbRlexRTSh_gyKY5IokTHWyGo-SsL8AtjkvOLM/s4032/IMG_9544.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo__itUSO9DxTx98uk0wVzmLAN3DcvnYNMLqBwKGbPyWThwtHjCXdyG99JWbOaq0-88-pDYZ7JIuG0p5a4_ndieiFCqZ-evrlr3I5d6yMFRvReSzUBDndOse8VWkCBY3YqbbQmH64zAUbLkZgbRlexRTSh_gyKY5IokTHWyGo-SsL8AtjkvOLM/w480-h640/IMG_9544.JPG" width="480" /></a></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNw2YKu1SZ2NoAFDHyTRmw_9K2_eqzDlnzO4DJ9bf1yT3plb7cHO06WttiDz9PitxEBbuYmS0SWfhYZITaNvCXK9VCqQBK2veGBdBIFMsoxaXYeohtUob-81algXKkXQoVXw0YSygFCJKuNCNr3y2RRhVTzte000kv-X4JxOlZN_p1W1yiSwEJ/s3759/IMG_6515.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2428" data-original-width="3759" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNw2YKu1SZ2NoAFDHyTRmw_9K2_eqzDlnzO4DJ9bf1yT3plb7cHO06WttiDz9PitxEBbuYmS0SWfhYZITaNvCXK9VCqQBK2veGBdBIFMsoxaXYeohtUob-81algXKkXQoVXw0YSygFCJKuNCNr3y2RRhVTzte000kv-X4JxOlZN_p1W1yiSwEJ/w640-h414/IMG_6515.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chocolate Honey anyone? The nougat was delicious too</td></tr></tbody></table>I was planning to come back to the lovely campground here, but was starting to feel as if I was coming down with something which me think fondly of home comforts such as hot baths, electric blankets and
freshly washed clothes. There was just time for one more adventure before I
headed home. <p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpFRivPiVkNS-WvOXn4HZX-J_M2sFvOC-QUGLwPHwY17fX8w6BaN__tkx3gfYSwODbBa5vWHXwEnkcMsxUfiXsD8UJ_MsZRifnPSRpjp46RQr5hlvm7PYHKPj-FF9OETew_iC2BDROfHpTf2DzXv7CdowHvsSncHMMjIuTEcaV5gkGgNRAeEEQ/s4032/IMG_9546.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpFRivPiVkNS-WvOXn4HZX-J_M2sFvOC-QUGLwPHwY17fX8w6BaN__tkx3gfYSwODbBa5vWHXwEnkcMsxUfiXsD8UJ_MsZRifnPSRpjp46RQr5hlvm7PYHKPj-FF9OETew_iC2BDROfHpTf2DzXv7CdowHvsSncHMMjIuTEcaV5gkGgNRAeEEQ/w480-h640/IMG_9546.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Friendly Campground in Chudleigh<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><h3>Montana Falls</h3>Montana Falls are now easily accessed via a not too difficult bush track. To get there, turn left off the Mole Creek road (B12) West of Deloraine, where it says Montana. Turn left again just after the Bridge and the 41 South Salmon and Ginseng Farm. This takes you to Longridge Road. The Falls start from a little Reserve about 800 m along on the left hand side. The falls aren't all that high but broad and powerful. You can hear the roar as soon as you crest the hill. Follow the little path along the river and you'll see more cascades and another set of falls. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij3OdYnBSbljOFHh3u-IgySpuEw_OjYmYKPO_Z0cD5zH-Bs_GyXF7whstXJGn-YtP_gHlUqPMgLUUaNPAYAqPEBKoc5LF6b_KVCOrHO3ZYumJLAK7elyxNGKhAERv9YpoRKp7iLutVJYVF4TBF_ovMBDrkrmPimrbnFWoAUNxpIm2gSxqaXWiY/s4032/IMG_9581.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij3OdYnBSbljOFHh3u-IgySpuEw_OjYmYKPO_Z0cD5zH-Bs_GyXF7whstXJGn-YtP_gHlUqPMgLUUaNPAYAqPEBKoc5LF6b_KVCOrHO3ZYumJLAK7elyxNGKhAERv9YpoRKp7iLutVJYVF4TBF_ovMBDrkrmPimrbnFWoAUNxpIm2gSxqaXWiY/w480-h640/IMG_9581.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> The track doesn't look too promising at first -watch out for snakes as the weather warms up<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRAxSwKfpFj9IAI9gQLmi_CH5Y_0WXCN7JqYrLLvDHoXURPO15mK7HGF_qHwV8leYMSeZhRAerw7ZLcWQUehWiJjN4a_3yNm8Z94UqiTRqxT6Euv-vcr3_5bvHGuFKOz7t2FC5Qlsh0m4M6w2gDVlhmhPqEHp9Dt3IOr7FsGMSN6A7nkEywO6k/s4032/IMG_9558.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRAxSwKfpFj9IAI9gQLmi_CH5Y_0WXCN7JqYrLLvDHoXURPO15mK7HGF_qHwV8leYMSeZhRAerw7ZLcWQUehWiJjN4a_3yNm8Z94UqiTRqxT6Euv-vcr3_5bvHGuFKOz7t2FC5Qlsh0m4M6w2gDVlhmhPqEHp9Dt3IOr7FsGMSN6A7nkEywO6k/w480-h640/IMG_9558.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">It gets better as you near the river</td></tr></tbody></table></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihYLJJFddD19R8GFukWjVRcEIWhaQmTFTN0sZqb_GEixqSqsQPgI8wIzlfTSUccODYAbq8Vzx8MK-TPer3tmDVKFKL2fIF-v2_tc672MphKECtOfOskC8XzF4POpvSMLk3nbeMqONCwXquGjkcai7LTacBSyVy2n3VcbenBgZVkmFQohn4kqtd/s4032/IMG_9559.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihYLJJFddD19R8GFukWjVRcEIWhaQmTFTN0sZqb_GEixqSqsQPgI8wIzlfTSUccODYAbq8Vzx8MK-TPer3tmDVKFKL2fIF-v2_tc672MphKECtOfOskC8XzF4POpvSMLk3nbeMqONCwXquGjkcai7LTacBSyVy2n3VcbenBgZVkmFQohn4kqtd/w480-h640/IMG_9559.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Start of the Upper Falls - Not high, but very powerful with many cascades and ripples right along the track<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr align="center"><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje23ZCiQbVWBo5mPFWJBbbFT24N5FcAIo_20rL42RHyq2Q8HwnW-9nqt-RkkNKYXCn651rGMAmJ9WqFMYb25EJ5q1SAoq2Whg1lupvIa050LpOrSTS8keDXB90tcUMZRI0ha8zL3ZjYDqtXwvBaDUT_yNhTmBCIb3noMtzBk-Z-oUGSfiUyPew/s4032/IMG_9575.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje23ZCiQbVWBo5mPFWJBbbFT24N5FcAIo_20rL42RHyq2Q8HwnW-9nqt-RkkNKYXCn651rGMAmJ9WqFMYb25EJ5q1SAoq2Whg1lupvIa050LpOrSTS8keDXB90tcUMZRI0ha8zL3ZjYDqtXwvBaDUT_yNhTmBCIb3noMtzBk-Z-oUGSfiUyPew/w640-h480/IMG_9575.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Part of the Lower Falls -<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> It's certainly been a good season for Waterfalls and this was a great finale</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;">I made it home without a hitch, but ended up stuck with the worst cold I’d had since Primary School. Home was indeed a better place to be and much better than sharing it around. <br /><br />[Bear with me my 10K international readers - I can see that my small scale Tasmanian adventures haven't been of great interest, but you'll be pleased to know that my normally very low Aussie readership has gone up 500%. Promise I'll be back to full strength soon to talk about what I’ve learned from this trip about making tourism more sustainable in future. You'll be pleased to know that I am also working on sorting this blog into categories so you don't have to sift through 800+ posts to find something you are interested in.</div><div style="text-align: left;">I'm curious to know if comments work now, so let me know if you like the new layout. Pages won't work yet, but if you mouse over Labels, it should start bringing up related posts].<br /></div><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />Veronika Wildhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18280038422328411147noreply@blogger.com3